Module

Uitkomst raming

Toelichting

Andrologisch onderzoek bij OFO

Geen financiële gevolgen

Hoewel uit de toetsing volgt dat de aanbeveling breed toepasbaar is (5.000-40.000 patiënten), volgt ook dat het geen nieuwe manier van zorgverlening of andere organisatie van zorgverlening betreft, het geen toename in het aantal in te zetten voltijdsequivalenten aan zorgverleners betreft en het geen wijziging in het opleidingsniveau van zorgpersoneel betreft. Er worden daarom geen financiële gevolgen verwacht.

GRADE

Definitie

Hoog

• Er is hoge zekerheid dat het ware effect van behandeling dicht bij het geschatte effect van behandeling ligt;
• Het is zeer onwaarschijnlijk dat de literatuurconclusie klinisch relevant verandert wanneer er resultaten van nieuw grootschalig onderzoek aan de literatuuranalyse worden toegevoegd.

Redelijk

• Er is redelijke zekerheid dat het ware effect van behandeling dicht bij het geschatte effect van behandeling ligt;
• Het is mogelijk dat de conclusie klinisch relevant verandert wanneer er resultaten van nieuw grootschalig onderzoek aan de literatuuranalyse worden toegevoegd.

Laag

• Er is lage zekerheid dat het ware effect van behandeling dicht bij het geschatte effect van behandeling ligt;
• Er is een reële kans dat de conclusie klinisch relevant verandert wanneer er resultaten van nieuw grootschalig onderzoek aan de literatuuranalyse worden toegevoegd.

Zeer laag

• Er is zeer lage zekerheid dat het ware effect van behandeling dicht bij het geschatte effect van behandeling ligt;
• De literatuurconclusie is zeer onzeker.

Bron van de ‘body of evidence’

Initiële kwaliteit van bewijs

Factoren die de kwaliteit van bewijs verlagen

Factoren die de kwaliteit van bewijs verhogen

Kwaliteit van de ‘body of evidence’

RCT’s

Hoog

1. Risico op bias
2. Inconsistentie
3. Indirectheid
4. Imprecisie
5. Publicatie bias

1. Groot effect
2. Dosis-respons
3. Alle overige aannemelijke bronnen van confounding zouden niet kunnen leiden tot een groter effect dan dat wat gemeten is, of een effect terwijl dat niet gevonden is.

Hoog + + + +

Gemiddeld + + + -

Laag + + - -

Zeer laag + - - -

Observationele studies

Laag

Sterke aanbeveling

Conditionele aanbeveling

Voor patiënten

De meeste patiënten zouden de aanbevolen interventie of aanpak kiezen en slechts een klein aantal niet.

Een aanzienlijk deel van de patiënten zouden de aanbevolen interventie of aanpak kiezen, maar veel patiënten ook niet.

Voor behandelaars

De meeste patiënten zouden de aanbevolen interventie of aanpak moeten ontvangen.

Er zijn meerdere geschikte interventies of aanpakken. De patiënt moet worden ondersteund bij de keuze voor de interventie of aanpak die het beste aansluit bij zijn of haar waarden en voorkeuren.

Voor beleidsmakers

De aanbevolen interventie of aanpak kan worden gezien als standaardbeleid.

Beleidsbepaling vereist uitvoerige discussie met betrokkenheid van veel stakeholders. Er is een grotere kans op lokale beleidsverschillen.

No.

Query

Results

#1

'normospermia'/exp OR normosperm*:ti,ab,kw OR ((normal* NEAR/3 (semen OR sperm*)):ti,ab,kw) OR (('semen analysis'/exp OR (((semen OR seminal OR sperm) NEAR/3 (analys* OR test OR parameter*)):ti,ab,kw)) AND ('above reference':ti,ab,kw OR 'above who reference':ti,ab,kw))

12543

#2

('male genital tract parameters'/de OR 'prostate size'/exp OR 'prostate volume'/exp OR 'prostate weight'/exp OR 'testis size'/exp OR 'testis weight'/exp OR 'anthropometry'/de OR 'anthropometric parameters'/exp OR 'physical examination'/de OR 'orchidometer'/exp OR 'anogenital distance'/exp OR 'pathophysiology'/exp OR (((anthropometr* OR antropometr* OR andrologic* OR physic* OR genital* OR testis OR testes OR testicle OR testicular OR epididymis OR spermiduct OR 'sperm duct' OR 'spermatic cord*' OR 'spermatic tract*' OR 'deferent duct' OR 'ductus deferens' OR 'funiculus spermaticus' OR prostate OR scrotal OR scrotum) NEAR/3 (examin* OR size OR volume OR weight OR circumference)):ti,ab,kw) OR (((physic* OR anthropometr* OR antropometr*) NEAR/3 parameter*):ti,ab,kw) OR orchidometer:ti,ab,kw OR 'genital abnormalit*':ti,ab,kw) AND ('male infertility'/de OR 'male fertility'/exp OR ('subfertility'/de AND 'male'/de) OR 'reproduction'/de OR (((male OR men OR man) NEAR/6 (infertil* OR subfertil*)):ti,ab,kw))

20960

#3

#1 AND #2

982

#4

#3 NOT ('conference abstract'/it OR 'editorial'/it OR 'letter'/it OR 'note'/it) NOT (('animal'/exp OR 'animal experiment'/exp OR 'animal model'/exp OR 'nonhuman'/exp) NOT 'human'/exp)

574

#5

#4 AND [2000-2024]/py

509

#6

'meta analysis'/exp OR 'meta analysis (topic)'/exp OR metaanaly*:ti,ab OR 'meta analy*':ti,ab OR metanaly*:ti,ab OR 'systematic review'/de OR 'cochrane database of systematic reviews'/jt OR prisma:ti,ab OR prospero:ti,ab OR (((systemati* OR scoping OR umbrella OR 'structured literature') NEAR/3 (review* OR overview*)):ti,ab) OR ((systemic* NEAR/1 review*):ti,ab) OR (((systemati* OR literature OR database* OR 'data base*') NEAR/10 search*):ti,ab) OR (((structured OR comprehensive* OR systemic*) NEAR/3 search*):ti,ab) OR (((literature NEAR/3 review*):ti,ab) AND (search*:ti,ab OR database*:ti,ab OR 'data base*':ti,ab)) OR (('data extraction':ti,ab OR 'data source*':ti,ab) AND 'study selection':ti,ab) OR ('search strategy':ti,ab AND 'selection criteria':ti,ab) OR ('data source*':ti,ab AND 'data synthesis':ti,ab) OR medline:ab OR pubmed:ab OR embase:ab OR cochrane:ab OR (((critical OR rapid) NEAR/2 (review* OR overview* OR synthes*)):ti) OR ((((critical* OR rapid*) NEAR/3 (review* OR overview* OR synthes*)):ab) AND (search*:ab OR database*:ab OR 'data base*':ab)) OR metasynthes*:ti,ab OR 'meta synthes*':ti,ab

998192

#7

'clinical trial'/exp OR 'randomization'/exp OR 'single blind procedure'/exp OR 'double blind procedure'/exp OR 'crossover procedure'/exp OR 'placebo'/exp OR 'prospective study'/exp OR rct:ab,ti OR random*:ab,ti OR 'single blind':ab,ti OR 'randomised controlled trial':ab,ti OR 'randomized controlled trial'/exp OR placebo*:ab,ti

3961631

#8

'major clinical study'/de OR 'clinical study'/de OR 'case control study'/de OR 'family study'/de OR 'longitudinal study'/de OR 'retrospective study'/de OR 'prospective study'/de OR 'comparative study'/de OR 'cohort analysis'/de OR ((cohort NEAR/1 (study OR studies)):ab,ti) OR (('case control' NEAR/1 (study OR studies)):ab,ti) OR (('follow up' NEAR/1 (study OR studies)):ab,ti) OR (observational NEAR/1 (study OR studies)) OR ((epidemiologic NEAR/1 (study OR studies)):ab,ti) OR (('cross sectional' NEAR/1 (study OR studies)):ab,ti)

8050320

#9

'case control study'/de OR 'comparative study'/exp OR 'control group'/de OR 'controlled study'/de OR 'controlled clinical trial'/de OR 'crossover procedure'/de OR 'double blind procedure'/de OR 'phase 2 clinical trial'/de OR 'phase 3 clinical trial'/de OR 'phase 4 clinical trial'/de OR 'pretest posttest design'/de OR 'pretest posttest control group design'/de OR 'quasi experimental study'/de OR 'single blind procedure'/de OR 'triple blind procedure'/de OR (((control OR controlled) NEAR/6 trial):ti,ab,kw) OR (((control OR controlled) NEAR/6 (study OR studies)):ti,ab,kw) OR (((control OR controlled) NEAR/1 active):ti,ab,kw) OR 'open label*':ti,ab,kw OR (((double OR two OR three OR multi OR trial) NEAR/1 (arm OR arms)):ti,ab,kw) OR ((allocat* NEAR/10 (arm OR arms)):ti,ab,kw) OR placebo*:ti,ab,kw OR 'sham-control*':ti,ab,kw OR (((single OR double OR triple OR assessor) NEAR/1 (blind* OR masked)):ti,ab,kw) OR nonrandom*:ti,ab,kw OR 'non-random*':ti,ab,kw OR 'quasi-experiment*':ti,ab,kw OR crossover:ti,ab,kw OR 'cross over':ti,ab,kw OR 'parallel group*':ti,ab,kw OR 'factorial trial':ti,ab,kw OR ((phase NEAR/5 (study OR trial)):ti,ab,kw) OR ((case* NEAR/6 (matched OR control*)):ti,ab,kw) OR ((match* NEAR/6 (pair OR pairs OR cohort* OR control* OR group* OR healthy OR age OR sex OR gender OR patient* OR subject* OR participant*)):ti,ab,kw) OR ((propensity NEAR/6 (scor* OR match*)):ti,ab,kw) OR versus:ti OR vs:ti OR compar*:ti OR ((compar* NEAR/1 study):ti,ab,kw) OR (('major clinical study'/de OR 'clinical study'/de OR 'cohort analysis'/de OR 'observational study'/de OR 'cross-sectional study'/de OR 'multicenter study'/de OR 'correlational study'/de OR 'follow up'/de OR cohort*:ti,ab,kw OR 'follow up':ti,ab,kw OR followup:ti,ab,kw OR longitudinal*:ti,ab,kw OR prospective*:ti,ab,kw OR retrospective*:ti,ab,kw OR observational*:ti,ab,kw OR 'cross sectional*':ti,ab,kw OR cross?ectional*:ti,ab,kw OR multicent*:ti,ab,kw OR 'multi-cent*':ti,ab,kw OR consecutive*:ti,ab,kw) AND (group:ti,ab,kw OR groups:ti,ab,kw OR subgroup*:ti,ab,kw OR versus:ti,ab,kw OR vs:ti,ab,kw OR compar*:ti,ab,kw OR 'odds ratio*':ab OR 'relative odds':ab OR 'risk ratio*':ab OR 'relative risk*':ab OR 'rate ratio':ab OR aor:ab OR arr:ab OR rrr:ab OR ((('or' OR 'rr') NEAR/6 ci):ab)))

14785860

#10

#5 AND #6 - SR

11

#11

#5 AND #7 NOT #10 - RCT

80

#12

#5 AND (#8 OR #9) NOT (#10 OR #11) - observationeel

314

#13

#10 OR #11 OR #12

405

#

Searches

Results

1

normosperm*.ti,ab,kf. OR (normal ADJ3 (semen OR sperm*)).ti,ab,kf. OR ((exp Semen Analysis/ OR ((semen OR seminal OR sperm) adj3 (analys* OR test OR parameter*)).ti,ab,kf.) AND (‘above reference’.ti,ab,kf. OR ‘above who reference’.ti,ab,kf.))

9136

2

(Anthropometry/ or Physical Examination/ or Body Mass Index/ or ((anthropometr* or antropometr* or andrologic* or physic* or genital* or testis or testes or testicle or testicular or epididymis or spermiduct or 'sperm duct' or 'spermatic cord*' or 'spermatic tract*' or 'deferent duct' or 'ductus deferens' or 'funiculus spermaticus' or prostate or scrotal or scrotum) adj3 (examin* or size or volume or weight or circumference)).ti,ab,kf. or ((physic* or anthropometr* or antropometr*) adj3 parameter*).ti,ab,kf. or orchidometer.ti,ab,kf. or 'genital abnormalit*'.ti,ab,kf.) and (Infertility, Male/ or Reproduction/ or ((male or men or man) adj6 (infertil* or subfertil*)).ti,ab,kf.)

3210

3

1 and 2

292

4

3 not (comment/ or editorial/ or letter/) not ((exp animals/ or exp models, animal/) not humans/)

233

5

limit 4 to yr="2000 -Current"

192

6

meta-analysis/ or meta-analysis as topic/ or (metaanaly* or meta-analy* or metanaly*).ti,ab,kf. or systematic review/ or cochrane.jw. or (prisma or prospero).ti,ab,kf. or ((systemati* or scoping or umbrella or "structured literature") adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab,kf. or (systemic* adj1 review*).ti,ab,kf. or ((systemati* or literature or database* or data-base*) adj10 search*).ti,ab,kf. or ((structured or comprehensive* or systemic*) adj3 search*).ti,ab,kf. or ((literature adj3 review*) and (search* or database* or data-base*)).ti,ab,kf. or (("data extraction" or "data source*") and "study selection").ti,ab,kf. or ("search strategy" and "selection criteria").ti,ab,kf. or ("data source*" and "data synthesis").ti,ab,kf. or (medline or pubmed or embase or cochrane).ab. or ((critical or rapid) adj2 (review* or overview* or synthes*)).ti. or (((critical* or rapid*) adj3 (review* or overview* or synthes*)) and (search* or database* or data-base*)).ab. or (metasynthes* or meta-synthes*).ti,ab,kf.

723324

7

exp clinical trial/ or randomized controlled trial/ or exp clinical trials as topic/ or randomized controlled trials as topic/ or Random Allocation/ or Double-Blind Method/ or Single-Blind Method/ or (clinical trial, phase i or clinical trial, phase ii or clinical trial, phase iii or clinical trial, phase iv or controlled clinical trial or randomized controlled trial or multicenter study or clinical trial).pt. or random*.ti,ab. or (clinic* adj trial*).tw. or ((singl* or doubl* or treb* or tripl*) adj (blind$3 or mask$3)).tw. or Placebos/ or placebo*.tw.

2685500

8

Epidemiologic studies/ or case control studies/ or exp cohort studies/ or Controlled Before-After Studies/ or Case control.tw. or cohort.tw. or Cohort analy$.tw. or (Follow up adj (study or studies)).tw. or (observational adj (study or studies)).tw. or Longitudinal.tw. or Retrospective*.tw. or prospective*.tw. or consecutive*.tw. or Cross sectional.tw. or Cross-sectional studies/ or historically controlled study/ or interrupted time series analysis/ [Onder exp cohort studies vallen ook longitudinale, prospectieve en retrospectieve studies]

4640835

9

Case-control Studies/ or clinical trial, phase ii/ or clinical trial, phase iii/ or clinical trial, phase iv/ or comparative study/ or control groups/ or controlled before-after studies/ or controlled clinical trial/ or double-blind method/ or historically controlled study/ or matched-pair analysis/ or single-blind method/ or (((control or controlled) adj6 (study or studies or trial)) or (compar* adj (study or studies)) or ((control or controlled) adj1 active) or "open label*" or ((double or two or three or multi or trial) adj (arm or arms)) or (allocat* adj10 (arm or arms)) or placebo* or "sham-control*" or ((single or double or triple or assessor) adj1 (blind* or masked)) or nonrandom* or "non-random*" or "quasi-experiment*" or "parallel group*" or "factorial trial" or "pretest posttest" or (phase adj5 (study or trial)) or (case* adj6 (matched or control*)) or (match* adj6 (pair or pairs or cohort* or control* or group* or healthy or age or sex or gender or patient* or subject* or participant*)) or (propensity adj6 (scor* or match*))).ti,ab,kf. or (confounding adj6 adjust*).ti,ab. or (versus or vs or compar*).ti. or ((exp cohort studies/ or epidemiologic studies/ or multicenter study/ or observational study/ or seroepidemiologic studies/ or (cohort* or 'follow up' or followup or longitudinal* or prospective* or retrospective* or observational* or multicent* or 'multi-cent*' or consecutive*).ti,ab,kf.) and ((group or groups or subgroup* or versus or vs or compar*).ti,ab,kf. or ('odds ratio*' or 'relative odds' or 'risk ratio*' or 'relative risk*' or aor or arr or rrr).ab. or (("OR" or "RR") adj6 CI).ab.))

5611799

10

5 and 6 - SR

3

11

(5 and 7) not 10 - RCT

15

12

(5 and (8 or 9)) not (10 or 11) - observationeel

94

13

10 or 11 or 12

112