This module is divided into the following submodules: 

• Radiotherapy
• Surgery
• Ccombination of radiotherapy and surgery
• Systemic therapy
• Management of asymptomatic spinal metastases

Flowchart of Treatment

NOMS framework Flowchart of treatment

Schematic depiction of the neurologic, oncologic, mechanical, and systemic (NOMS) decision framework.

_{Abbreviations: cEBRT, conventional external beam radiation; SRS, stereotactic radiosurgery.}

_{Source: Laufer,2013}