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Postoperatieve pijn

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Initiatief: NVA Aantal modules: 59
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Combinatie NSAID paracetamol postop pijn

Beoordeeld: 01-07-2013

Uitgangsvraag

Combinatie NSAID met paracetamol

Aanbeveling

Er zijn voor deze submodule geen aanbevelingen opgesteld.

Overwegingen

Op basis van methodologie van de individuele studies die zijn meegenomen in deze meta-analyse is het de werkgroep niet duidelijk of de combinatie van paracetamol met een NSAID effectiever is dan paracetamol of een NSAID alleen.

Onderbouwing

Niveau 1

De combinatie van een NSAID, klassieke en COX-2 specifieke remmers met paracetamol is mogelijk effectiever dan paracetamol of een NSAID alleen.

 

Bronnen (A1 Hyllested et al., 2002; Ong et al., 2010)

Hyllested et al., (2002) vergeleken de effectiviteit van paracetamol, NSAID’s en hun combinatie voor postoperatieve pijnbestrijding. Het betreft een analyse van 36 gerandomiseerde studies met 3362 patiënten waarbij alleen klassieke NSAID’s werden geïncludeerd. Een recentere meta-analyse naar de combinatie van paracetamol gecombineerd met NSAID’s (Ong et al., 2010), analyseerde 21 studies met 1909 patiënten en includeerde zowel de klassieke NSAID’s als Cox-2 specifieke remmers. In beide meta-analyses was de combinatie van paracetamol met NSAID’s effectiever dan paracetamol of een NSAID alleen.

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Autorisatiedatum en geldigheid

Laatst beoordeeld  : 01-07-2013

Laatst geautoriseerd  : 01-07-2013

Uiterlijk in 2018 bepaalt het bestuur van de NVA of deze richtlijn nog actueel is. Zo nodig wordt een nieuwe werkgroep geïnstalleerd om de richtlijn te herzien. De geldigheid van de richtlijn komt eerder te vervallen indien nieuwe ontwikkelingen aanleiding zijn een herzieningstraject te starten.

 

De NVA is als houder van deze richtlijn de eerstverantwoordelijke voor de actualiteit van deze richtlijn. De andere aan deze richtlijn deelnemende wetenschappelijk verenigingen of gebruikers van de richtlijn delen de verantwoordelijkheid en informeren de eerstverantwoordelijke over relevante ontwikkelingen binnen hun vakgebied.

Initiatief en autorisatie

Initiatief:
  • Nederlandse Vereniging voor Anesthesiologie
Geautoriseerd door:
  • Nederlandse Orthopaedische Vereniging
  • Nederlandse Vereniging voor Anesthesiologie
  • Nederlandse Vereniging voor Heelkunde
  • Nederlandse Vereniging voor Kindergeneeskunde
  • Nederlandse Vereniging voor Thoraxchirurgie

Algemene gegevens

Met ondersteuning van de Orde van Medisch Specialisten. De richtlijnontwikkeling werd gefinancierd uit de Kwaliteitsgelden Medisch Specialisten (SKMS).

Doel en doelgroep

De huidige richtlijn moet de accuratesse van de volgende punten weergeven:

  • ­de organisatie van de postoperatieve pijnbehandeling. Wie is op welk moment van de pijnbehandeling verantwoordelijk?
  • ­wat is het effect van nieuwe pijnmedicatie en hoe staat dat in verhouding tot de reeds bestaande medicatie?
  • ­welke toedieningsvormen zijn optimaal?
  • ­kosteneffectiviteit van postoperatieve pijnbestrijding;
  • ­postoperatieve pijnbehandeling bij kinderen.

 

Deze richtlijn is geschreven voor alle leden van de beroepsgroepen die betrokken zijn bij postoperatieve pijnbehandeling.

Samenstelling werkgroep

Voor het herzien van de richtlijn is in 2010 een multidisciplinaire werkgroep ingesteld, bestaande uit vertegenwoordigers van alle relevante specialismen die met postoperatieve pijnbehandeling te maken hebben (zie hiervoor de samenstelling van de werkgroep).

De werkgroepleden werden door hun beroepsverenigingen gemandateerd voor deelname. De werkgroep werkte gedurende twee jaar aan de totstandkoming van de richtlijn.

 

  • ­Dr. P.L. Houweling, voorzitter, anesthesioloog, NVA
  • ­Dhr. P.M. Ruikes, verpleegkundig specialist, (NVAM)
  • ­Dr. M.I. van Berge Henegouwen, chirurg (NVvH)
  • ­Dr. S.J.C. Verbrugge, anesthesioloog/intensivist, (NVIC)
  • ­Drs. A. Tjon, cardiothoracale chirurg, (NVT)
  • ­Drs. D.B.M. van der Werff, kinderanesthesioloog, WKZ/UMCU
  • ­Drs. I.M.M. van Haelst, ziekenhuisapotheker, (NVZA)
  • ­Drs. H. Verburg, orthopedisch chirurg, (NOV)
  • ­Mw. R. van Boekel, verpleegkundig pijnconsulent (V&VN Pijnverpleegkundigen)
  • ­Prof. dr. D. Tibboel, kinderarts, (NVK)
  • ­Prof. dr. dr. M.W. Hollmann, anesthesioloog (NvA)

 

Met ondersteuning van:

  • ­Ir. T.A. van Barneveld, senior adviseur, afdeling Ondersteuning Professionele Kwaliteit, Orde van Medisch Specialisten
  • ­Dr. M.L. Molag, adviseur, afdeling Ondersteuning Professionele Kwaliteit, Orde van Medisch Specialisten

 

Met dank aan:

  • ­Dr. M.F. Stevens, anesthesioloog (NVA)
  • ­Dr. J.H. Vranken, anesthesioloog (NVA)

Belangenverklaringen

Werkgroepleden hebben schriftelijk verklaard of ze in de laatste vijf jaar een (financieel ondersteunde) betrekking onderhielden met commerciële bedrijven, organisaties of instellingen die in verband staan met het onderwerp van de richtlijn. Een overzicht hiervan is hieronder te vinden. De belangenverklaringen zijn op te vragen bij het secretariaat van OMS.

 

Verklaring omtrent mogelijke belangenverstrengeling en embargo met betrekking tot de richtlijn ‘Postoperatieve pijn'

 

Werkgroeplid in de laatste vijf jaar een (financieel ondersteunde) betrekking onderhield met commerciële bedrijven, organisaties of instellingen die in verband staan met het onderwerp

Werkgroeplid

Belangen afgelopen vijf jaar en/of gedurende looptijd van het project ja /nee

Zo ja, welke

Berge Henegouwen, dr. M.I. van

Nee

 

Boekel, mw. R. van

Ja

Gastdocent bij HAN-vdo: cursus 'Assistent Pijnbehandeling'

Haelst, mw. Drs. I.M.M. van

Nee

 

Hollmann, M.W.

Ja

Eurocept - lecturer over Peri-op pijnbestrijding

Houweling, dr. P.

Nee

 

Ruikes, P.M.

Nee

 

Tibboel, prof. dr. D.

Nee

 

Tjon Joek Tjien, A

Nee

 

Verburg, H.

Nee

 

Verbrugge, dr. S.J.C.

Nee

 

Werff, D.B.M. van der

Nee

 

Inbreng patiëntenperspectief

De inbreng van patiënten werd meegenomen door te kijken naar de uitkomstmaat ‘pijn’. Daarnaast werd een oriënterende literatuursearch uitgevoerd gericht op het patiëntenperspectief. Dit leverde drie mogelijk interessante artikelen op, waarvan uiteindelijk één werd gebruikt in de tekst organisatie van zorg.

Methode ontwikkeling

Evidence based

Implementatie

In de verschillende fasen van de richtlijnontwikkeling is rekening gehouden met de implementatie van de richtlijn en de praktische uitvoerbaarheid van de aanbevelingen. Daarbij is uitdrukkelijk gelet op factoren die de invoering van de richtlijn in de praktijk kunnen bevorderen of belemmeren.

 

De richtlijn is/wordt verspreid onder alle relevante beroepsgroepen en ziekenhuizen. Daarnaast is/wordt er een samenvatting van de richtlijn geschreven voor het Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde en in tijdschriften van de deelnemende wetenschappelijke verenigingen.

Werkwijze

AGREE

Deze richtlijn is opgesteld aan de hand van het “Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II” (AGREE II) instrument. Dit is een internationaal breed geaccepteerd instrument voor de beoordeling van de kwaliteit van richtlijnen.

 

Vaststellen van de uitkomstmaten en klinische relevantie

In de voorbereidende fase van de richtlijnontwikkeling zijn de uitkomstmaten geïnventariseerd en geordend naar mate van belangrijkheid voor de patiënt. Voor het evalueren van invasieve behandelmogelijkheden achtte de werkgroep de uitkomstmaten pijn, functionaliteit en kwaliteit van leven van belang. Op basis van een artikel van Ostelo et al. (2008) werd het klinisch relevante verschil voor pijn en functionaliteit vastgesteld (zie tabel 1.).

 

Tabel 1. Drempelwaardes klinisch relevant verschil pijn en functionaliteit bij lage rugpijn

Vragenlijst* (range)

Absolute drempel

Relatieve drempel t.o.v. uitgangswaarde

VAS (0-100)

15

30%

NRS (0-10)

2

30%

RDQ (0-24)

5

30%

ODI (0-100)

10

30%

QBPQ (0-100)

20

30%

*VAS = visual analogue scale, NRS = numerical rating scale, RDQ = Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, ODI = Oswestry Disability Index, QBDQ = Quebec Back Pain Disability Questionnaire

 

Strategie voor zoeken en selecteren van literatuur

Er werd eerst oriënterend gezocht naar klinisch relevante verschillen bij rugpijn bij uitkomsten als pijn (gemeten met Visual Analogue Scale, VAS of numerical rating scale, NRS), kwaliteit van leven (gemeten met EQ-5D) en functionaliteit (gemeten met Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index of Quebec Back Pain Disability Questionnaire). Vervolgens werd er voor de afzonderlijke uitgangsvragen aan de hand van specifieke zoektermen gezocht naar gepubliceerde wetenschappelijke studies in het Engels en Nederlands in de elektronische databases Medline (OVID) en Embase (Embase.com) over de periode 1990- juni 2011. De zoekstrategieën zijn te vinden in bijlage 1. Tevens werd er aanvullend handmatig gezocht naar studies in de referentielijsten van de geïncludeerde artikelen. In eerste instantie werd gezocht naar (systematische reviews of meta-analyses van) gerandomiseerde gecontroleerde onderzoeken (RCTs). In afwezigheid van RCTs werd verder gezocht naar prospectieve gecontroleerde onderzoeken, vergelijkende onderzoeken en prospectieve niet-vergelijkende onderzoeken. Voor het identificeren van  mogelijke systematische reviews en randomized controlled trials werd gebruik gemaakt van methodologische zoekfilters gebaseerd op die van het Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.

De sluitingsdatum voor het includeren van studies is juni 2011, de studies van na juni 2011 zijn niet meegenomen in deze richtlijn.

 

Rapportage

Omdat de diagnoses niet algemeen geaccepteerd zijn, is er voor gekozen per diagnose een evidence-based beschrijving te geven van de definitie, de epidemiologie, de etiologie, de diagnostiek en de interventies.

 

Beoordelen van therapeutische interventiestudies

Beoordeling van studies werd gedaan aan de hand van de GRADE methodiek (http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/). Per uitkomstmaat werd het niveau van de bewijslast bepaald op basis van alle beoordeelde studies samen. Naar aanleiding van deze beoordeling werd het bewijsniveau bepaald volgens de classificatie in tabel 2. GRADE kent vier bewijsniveaus: hoog, matig, laag en zeer laag. Het onderzoeksdesign bepaalt het startniveau van de bewijskracht: systematische literatuuranalyses van RCTs starten hoog en systematische literatuuranalyses van observationele onderzoeken starten laag. Er zijn vijf factoren (beperkingen in de onderzoeksopzet, inconsistentie, indirectheid, imprecisie, publicatiebias) die de bewijskracht met één of twee niveaus kunnen verlagen. De werkgroep bepaalde hoe belangrijk deze factoren waren.

Daarnaast zijn er drie factoren die de bewijslast van een systematische literatuuranalyse van observationeel onderzoek kunnen verhogen (groot effect, dosisrespons relatie, confounding die het werkelijke effect onderschat of een in werkelijkheid niet bestaand effect overschat).

 

Tabel 2. GRADE-indeling van kwaliteit van studies per uitkomstmaat

Kwaliteit

Studiedesign

Kwaliteit verlagen

Kwaliteit verhogen

Hoog (4)

RCT

1. Studiebeperkingen

-1  ernstig

-2  zeer ernstig

 

2. Inconsistentie

-1  ernstig

-2  zeer ernstig

 

3. Indirectheid

-1  ernstig

-2  zeer ernstig

 

4. Imprecisie

-1  ernstig

-2  zeer ernstig

 

5. Publicatiebias

-1  waarschijnlijk

-2  zeer waarschijnlijk

1. Groot effect

+1  groot

+2  zeer groot

 

2. Dosis-respons relatie

+1  bewijs voor relatie

 

3. Plausibele confounding

+1  zou het effect onderschatten

+1  zou het effect overschatten als er geen effect was aangetoond

 

Matig (3)

 

Laag (2)

Observationele vergelijkende studie (vb. patientcontrole onderzoek, cohortonderzoek)

Zeer laag (1)

Niet-systematische klinische observaties (vb. case series of case reports)

 

 

RCTs beginnen ‘hoog’ (4), observationele studies beginnen ‘laag’ (2)

Bij RCTs: vb. totaal 1 punt downgraden: dan van hoog (4) naar matig (3); bij RCTs: vb. totaal 2 punten downgraden: dan van hoog (4) naar laag (2); bij RCTs: in totaal ≥ 3 punten downgraden: dan van hoog (4) naar zeer laag (1)

Bij observationele studies: vb. 1 punt upgraden: dan van laag (2) naar matig (3)

 

Een samenvatting van de literatuur en het bewijsniveau van de relevante studies zijn in de richtlijntekst terug te vinden onder de kopjes ‘samenvatting van de literatuur’ en ‘conclusie’.

 

Beoordelen van diagnostisch accuratesse onderzoek en studies naar schade of bijwerkingen, etiologie en prognose

Beoordeling van dit soort onderzoeken werd gedaan aan de hand van de EBRO methodiek (GRADE is hier momenteel nog niet geschikt voor, omdat voor deze studies de relatie tussen de kwaliteit van het onderzoek en de vertekening van het resultaat nog onvoldoende duidelijk is). De studies werden individueel beoordeeld op onderzoeksopzet/design. Naar aanleiding van deze beoordeling werd het bewijsniveau van studies bepaald volgens de classificatie in tabel 3.

 

Tabel 3. EBRO indeling van de kwaliteit van individuele studies

Bewijs niveau

Diagnostisch accuratesse onderzoek

Schade of bijwerkingen, etiologie, prognose

A1

Meta-analyse van min. 2 onafhankelijk van elkaar uitgevoerde onderzoeken van A2-niveau

A2

Onderzoek t.o.v. een referentietest (‘gouden standaard’) met tevoren gedefinieerde afkapwaarden en onafhankelijke beoordeling van resultaten, met voldoende grote serie van opeenvolgende patiënten die allen de index- en referentietest hebben gehad

Prospectief cohort onderzoek van voldoende omvang en follow-up, waarbij adequaat gecontroleerd is voor ‘confounding’ en selectieve follow-up voldoende is uitgesloten.

B

Onderzoek t.o.v. een referentietest, maar niet met alle kenmerken die onder A2 zijn genoemd

Prospectief cohort onderzoek, maar niet met alle kenmerken als genoemd onder A2 of retrospectief cohort onderzoek of patiëntcontrole onderzoek

C

Niet-vergelijkend onderzoek

 

Een samenvatting van de literatuur en het bewijsniveau van de relevante studies zijn in de richtlijntekst terug te vinden onder de kopjes ‘samenvatting van de literatuur’ en ‘conclusie’. Individuele studies waarop conclusies gebaseerd zijn, zijn samengevat in evidencetabellen (zie kopje Evidencetabellen).

 

Werkwijze werkgroep

De keuze van de onderwerpen en de interventies is gebaseerd op datgene wat te doen gebruikelijk is in de verschillende beroepsgroepen. De richtlijn probeert antwoord te geven op klinisch relevante problematiek.

De richtlijn beperkt zich tot interventionele therapieën. In een latere richtlijn moet de conservatieve behandeling meegenomen worden.

De werkgroep heeft anderhalf jaar aan de totstandkoming van de richtlijn gewerkt. De werkgroepleden hebben de knelpunten en uitgangsvragen vastgesteld. Met behulp van de informatiespecialist van de Orde van Medisch Specialisten is literatuur gezocht bij de uitgangsvragen. De leden van de werkgroep hebben samen met de adviseur van de Orde de gevonden literatuur geselecteerd en beoordeeld op kwaliteit en inhoud. De werkgroepleden hebben conceptteksten voor de uitgangsvragen geschreven. De conceptrichtlijn is in september 2011 aan alle betrokken wetenschappelijke verenigingen aangeboden. De ontvangen commentaren zijn, waar relevant bevonden, verwerkt in de definitieve richtlijn.

 

Overwegingen

Voor een aanbeveling zijn er naast het wetenschappelijke bewijs nog andere aspecten van belang, zoals de expertise van de werkgroepleden, patiëntenvoorkeuren, kosten, beschikbaarheid van voorzieningen of organisatorische facetten. Deze aspecten worden, voor zover niet wetenschappelijk onderzocht, vermeld onder het kopje ‘overwegingen’.

               

Formuleren van aanbevelingen

De aanbevelingen geven een antwoord op de uitgangsvraag en zijn gebaseerd op zowel het beschikbare wetenschappelijke bewijs als op de belangrijkste overwegingen.

In de aanbevelingen wordt voor een aantal interventies aangegeven dat deze bij voorkeur of uitsluitend in studieverband uitgevoerd moeten worden. Met studieverband bedoelt de werkgroep dat er sprake is van het systematisch registreren en rapporteren van patiëntkenmerken, diagnostiek, behandeling en uitkomst.

 

Indicatorontwikkeling

Een indicator is een meetbaar kenmerk van de gezondheidszorg met een signaalfunctie voor (een aspect van) de kwaliteit van zorg. Indicatoren maken het de zorgverleners mogelijk om te meten of zij de gewenste zorg leveren en om onderwerpen voor verbeteringen te identificeren. Bij deze richtlijn zullen nog indicatoren ontwikkeld worden.

Zoekverantwoording

Zoekacties zijn opvraagbaar. Neem hiervoor contact op met de Richtlijnendatabase.

Volgende:
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