Startpagina - Postnatale zorg in de algemene kindergeneeskunde
Waar gaat deze richtlijn over?
Deze richtlijn bevat 3 modules:
Module 1 Screening, preventie en behandeling van neonatale hypoglycemie
Module 2 Beleid en vacuümextractie
Module 3 Consult kinderarts perinataal of bij pasgeborene
Module1
- Definitie van neonatale hypoglykemie en de begrippen streefwaarden en interventiegrenzen voor 1-2 uur (resp ≥2,0 mmol/L en ≤1,5 mmol/L) en voor 2-24 uur (≥2,6 mmol/L en <2,0 mmol/L) na de geboorte worden besproken.
- De indicaties voor screening op hypoglykemie met de stopcriteria worden gemotiveerd. Voor prematuren en SGA (<P10) wordt een screening van tenminste 24 uur en voor kinderen van diabetische moeders behandeld met medicatie en LGA (> P90) tenminste 12 uurs geadviseerd.
- Veel pasgeborenen met een geboortegewicht <P10 of >P90 liggen om een andere reden dan de glucosecontroles in het ziekenhuis (bijvoorbeeld maternale indicatie (SC, PE, Hypertensie), voedingsproblemen, verdenking infectie, etc). Zie het Implementatieplan.
- De voor- en nadelen en valkuilen van de bepalingsmethoden worden besproken
- Maatregelen ter preventie van neonatale hypoglykemie worden besproken waarbij geadviseerd wordt om niet routinematig bijvoeding toe te passen.
- De behandeling van hypoglykemie wordt besproken waarbij de hypoglykemie wordt ingedeeld in mild/matig/ernstig/zeer ernstig. Bij elke mate van hypoglykemie wordt een behandeling middels een stappenplan, welke geïndividualiseerd moet worden op basis van 5 criteria, geadviseerd.
- Dit alles wordt samengevat in een Stroomschema.
Module 2
- De werkgroep adviseert om alle pasgeborenen na een vacuumextractie (VE) ten minste zes uur te observeren op kliniek (geprikkeld zijn, pijn bij verzorging, huilen, spugen, kreunen, voedingsproblemen, kleur, activiteit/gedrag, ademhaling en hartfrequentie). Hierbij moet het hoofd regelmatig worden geïnspecteerd op locatie, aspect en een eventuele toename van de zwelling, om de complicatie van een subgaleale bloeding (SGH) tijdig te onderkennen. Een SGH vereist een snelle behandeling om overlijden en schade door hypovolemie, anemie en stollingsstoornissen te voorkomen.
- Actieve controle op SGH bij de pasgeborene verlaagd de mortaliteit.
- Risicofactoren, zoals karakteristieken van de zwangere (nullipara versus multipara, obesitas, leeftijd), van het kind (ligging, geboortegewicht, mate van indaling) en VE (indicatie, aantal tracties, losschieten cup, plaatsing van de cup, mislukken VE, duur VE), worden wisselend als onafhankelijke risicofactor in de literatuur beschreven en kunnen daarom (nog) niet discrimineren welke pasgeborene met een goede start mogelijk geen observatie nodig heeft na een VE.
- De werkgroep adviseert om pasgeborene na een vacuümextractie niet standaard paracetamol toe te dienen.
Module 3
Deze module is geschreven voor verder gezonde pasgeborenen bij een zwangerschapsduur ≥ 35 0/7 weken en geboortegewicht ≥ 2000 gram. Bij kinderen geboren na een kortere zwangerschapsduur of met een lager geboortegewicht is een consult kinderarts altijd geïndiceerd vanwege pre- of dysmaturiteit. De module beschrijft wanneer een consult kinderarts is aanbevolen bij a) indicaties die tijdens de zwangerschap al bekend zijn, b) indicaties die tijdens de partus ontstaan/duidelijk worden of c) indicaties naar aanleiding van lichamelijk onderzoek of klinische conditie van het kind.
Wat is het doel van de richtlijn?
Praktijkvariatie is inherent aan weinig evidence of het ontbreken van consensus. Het doel van de richtlijn is om de kwaliteit van zorg te verbeteren door aanbevelingen te geven op basis van de best beschikbare evidence en de bestaande praktijkvariatie te verminderen om zodoende bruikbare data te kunnen verzamelen om betere evidence te verkrijgen waaraan wij het beleid kunnen staven en zo nodig aanpassen.
De huidige praktijkvariatie betekent ook, dat onafhankelijk van welke aanbeveling er geformuleerd wordt, een aantal ziekenhuizen hun beleid in meer of mindere mate zal moeten aanpassen. Zie het Implementatieplan.
Voor wie is deze richtlijn bedoeld?
Het doel van deze richtlijn is om handvatten te bieden voor de algemene kindergeneeskundige zorg voor de (bijna) à terme pasgeborenen ten aanzien van het beleid rondom neonatale hypoglykemie en beleid na vacuümextractie. Het gaat hierbij om pasgeborenen die vanwege een medische indicatie in het ziekenhuis geboren of opgenomen worden en bij wie de (algemeen) kinderarts zorg levert of zou moeten leveren. Prematuren met een zwangerschapsduur <35 weken en pasgeborenen met een indicatie voor intensive care opname vallen niet onder deze richtlijn. Ook andere zorgverleners binnen de integrale geboortezorg kunnen gebruik maken van de informatie uit deze richtlijn.
Voor patiënten
In deze richtlijn worden adviezen aan de kinderarts gegeven over de controles op en de behandeling van lage bloedsuikers bij baby’s met een grotere kans op een lage bloedsuiker en de controles van baby’s geboren met een vacuümpomp. Het gaat hierbij om baby’s die om een medische reden in het ziekenhuis worden geboren. Zie de Patiënteninformatie.
Toepassen
Zie het Stroomschema.
Onderbouwing
Referenties
- Adamkin DH. Neonatal hypoglycemia. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2016;28(2):150–155. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000319.
- Adamkin DH. Postnatal Glucose Homeostasis in Late-Preterm and Term Infants. PEDIATRICS. 2011;127(3):575–579. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-3851.
- Agrawal RK, Lui K, Gupta JM. Neonatal hypoglycaemia in infants of diabetic mothers. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2000;36(4):354–356. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00512.x.
- Alkalay AL, Sarnat HB, Flores-Sarnat L, et al. Population meta-analysis of low plasma glucose thresholds in full-term normal newborns. American Journal of Perinatology. 2006;23(2):115–119. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-931912.
- Andermann A, Blancquaert I, Beauchamp S, et al. Revisiting Wilson and Jungner in the genomic age: A review of screening criteria over the past 40 years. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008;86(4):317–319. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.050112.
- Araz N, Araz M. Frequency of neonatal hypoglycemia in large for gestational age infants of non-diabetic mothers in a community maternity hospital. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2006;49(4):237-9.
- Atkin SH, Dasmahapatra A, Jaker MA, et al. Fingerstick glucose determination in shock. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1991;114(12):1020–1024. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1020.
- Au CPY, Raynes-Greenow CH, Turner RM, et al. Antenatal management of gestational diabetes mellitus can improve neonatal outcomes. Midwifery. 2016;34:66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.01.001.
- Aynsley-Green A. Glucose: A fuel for thought! Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1991;27(1):21–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1991.tb00340.x.
- Aynsley-Green, A. Glucose, the Brain and the Paediatric Endocrinologist. Hormone Research. 1996;46(1):8–25. https://doi.org/10.1159/000184971.
- Aziz K, Dancey, Canadian Paediatric Society Fetus and Newborn Committee. Screening guidelines for newborns at risk for low blood glucose. Paediatric Child Health. 2004;9(10):723–729. Reaffirmed 2018.
- Balion C, Grey V, Ismaila A, et al. Screening for hypoglycemia at the bedside in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with the Abbott PCx glucose meter. BMC Pediatrics. 2006;6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-6-28.
- Bazaes RA, Salazar TE, Pittaluga E, et al. Glucose and lipid metabolism in small for gestational age infants at 48 hours of age. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4 Pt 1):804–809. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.4.804.
- Beardsall K. Measurement of glucose levels in the newborn. Early Human Development. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.005.
- Bennett C, Fagan E, Chaharbakhshi E, et al. Implementing a Protocol Using Glucose Gel to Treat Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Nursing for Women’s Health. 2016;20(1):64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2015.11.001.
- Bevolkingsonderzoeken en screeningen - RIVM. Retrieved April 22, 2018, from https://www.rivm.nl/Onderwerpen/B/Bevolkingsonderzoeken_en_screeningen.
- Bhat MA, Kumar P, Bhansali A, et al. Hypoglycemia in small for gestational age babies. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2000;67(6):423–427. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10932962.
- Boluyt N. Neurodevelopment After Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Systematic Review and Design of an Optimal Future Study. PEDIATRICS. 2006;117(6):2231–2243. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1919.
- Boundy EO, Dastjerdi R, Spiegelman D, et al. Kangaroo Mother Care and Neonatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2016;137(1):e20152238. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2238.
- Bragg J, Green G. Does early enteral feeding prevent hypoglycemia in small for gestational age neonates? Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. 2013;6(2):131–135. Retrieved from http://iospress.metapress.com/content/121063/?p=e4b28739203a487a98e3ffa8f6e525e6&pi=51%5Cnhttp://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emex&NEWS=N&AN=369606153.
- Brand PL, Molenaar NL, Kaaijk C, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome of hypoglycaemia in healthy, large for gestational age, term newborns. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2005;90(1):78-81.
- Burns CM, Rutherford MA, Boardman JP, et al. Patterns of Cerebral Injury and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Symptomatic Neonatal Hypoglycemia. PEDIATRICS. 2008;122(1):65–74. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2822.
- Burrin JM, Alberti KG. What is blood glucose: can it be measured? Diabetic Medicine : A Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1990;7(3):199–206. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2139389.
- Carraro P, Plebani M. Post-analytical errors with portable glucose meters in the hospital setting. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2009;404(1):65–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2009.03.013.
- Chan AYW, Swaminathan R, Cockram CS. Effectiveness of sodium fluoride as a preservative of glucose in blood. Clinical Chemistry. 1989;35(2):315–317.
- Chertok IRA, Raz I, Shoham I, et al. Effects of early breastfeeding on neonatal glucose levels of term infants born to women with gestational diabetes. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2009;22(2):166–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2008.00921.x.
- Chi Luong K, Long Nguyen T, Huynh Thi DH, et al. Newly born low birthweight infants stabilise better in skin-to-skin contact than when separated from their mothers: A randomised controlled trial. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. 2016;105(4):381–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13164.
- Christensson K. Fathers can effectively achieve heat conservation in healthy newborn infants. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1996;85(11):1354–1360. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8955466.
- Clinical Guidelines, Queensland, Health Q. Maternity and Neonatal Clinical Guideline – Neonatal hypoglycemia. 2013. Retrieved from www.health.qld.gov.au/qcg.
- Cordero L, Treuer SH, Landon MB, et al. Management of Infants of Diabetic Mothers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:249–254.
- Cornblath M, Hawdon JM, Williams AF, et al. Controversies Regarding Definition of Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Suggested Operational Thresholds. PEDIATRICS. 2000;105(5). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.5.1141.
- Cornblath M, Reisner SH. Blood glucose in the neonate and its clinical significance. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1965;273(7):378–381. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21417085.
- Cornblath M. Neonatal hypoglycemia 30 years later: does it injure the brain? Historical summary and present challenges. Acta Paediatrica Japonica : Overseas Edition. 1997;39(Suppl 1):S7-11. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9200872.
- Cowett RM, D’Amico LB. Capillary (heelstick) versus venous blood sampling for the determination of glucose concentration in the neonates. Biology of the Neonate. 1992;62:32–36.
- Cowett RM, Oh W, Pollak A, et al. Glucose disposal of low birth weight infants: steady state hyperglycemia produced by constant intravenous glucose infusion. Pediatrics. 1979;63(3):389–396. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/440840.
- Coyle MC, Jacobs E, Chappie A, et al. Effects of Different Sample Types on Glucose Measurements A CLSI report for global application. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2015;35. Retrieved from https://clsi.org/media/1501/poct06ed1_sample.pdf.
- Critchell CD, Savarese V, Callahan A, et al. Accuracy of bedside capillary blood glucose measurements in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine. 2007;33(12):2079–2084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0835-4.
- Croke J, Sullivan M, Ryan-Drover A, et al. Two hour blood glucose levels in at-risk babies: An audit of Canadian guidelines. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2009;14(4):238–244. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/14.4.238.
- D’Orazio P, Burnett RW, Fogh-Andersen N, et al. Approved IFCC recommendation on reporting results for blood glucose: International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Scientific Division, Working Group on Selective Electrodes and Point-of-Care Testing (IFCC-SD-WG-SEPOCT). Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2006;44(12):1486–1490. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2006.275.
- De Carvalho M, Robertson S, Friedman A, et al. Effect of frequent breast-feeding on early milk production and infant weight gain. Pediatrics. 1983;72(3):307–311. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6889034.
- De Carvalho M, Robertson S, Merkatz R, et al. Milk intake and frequency of feeding in breast fed infants. Early Human Development. 1982;7(2):155–163. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7151727.
- De León DD, Thornton PBS, Stanley CBA, et al. Hypoglycemia in the Newborn and Infant PRINCIPLES OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM. 2014. Retrieved from https://www.clinicalkey.es.webproxy.uach.cl:2443/service/content/pdf/watermarked/3-s2.0-B9781455748587000159.pdf?locale=es_ES.
- De Rooy L, Hawdon J. Nutritional Factors That Affect the Postnatal Metabolic Adaptation of Full-Term Small- and Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants. PEDIATRICS. 2002;109(3):e42–e42. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.3.e42.
- Devaskar SU, Garg M. 95 Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Neonate Placental Transport of Nutrients: Maternal-Fetal Relationship. 2017. Retrieved from: https://obgynkey.com/disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism-in-the-neonate/.
- Dijk PH, De Vries TW, De Beer JJAH. [Guideline “Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in the neonate with a gestational age of 35 or more weeks”]. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde. 2009;153:A93. Retrieved from https://www.nvk.nl/Portals/0/richtlijnen/hyperbili/richtlijnhyperbili.pdf.
- Doctor BA, O’Riordan MA, Kirchner HL, et al. Perinatal correlates and neonatal outcomes of small for gestational age infants born at term gestation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001;185(3):652–659. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2001.116749.
- Duvanel CB, Fawer CL, Cotting J, et al. Long-term effects of neonatal hypoglycemia on brain growth and psychomotor development in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999;134(4):492–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70209-X.
- Esakoff TF, Cheng YW, Sparks TN, et al. The association between birthweight 4000 g or greater and perinatal outcomes in patients with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2009;200(6):672.e1-4.
- Feig SA, Shohet SB, Nathan DG. Energy metabolism in human erythrocytes. I. Effects of sodium fluoride. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1971;50(8):1731–1737. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI106662.
- Finfer S, Wernerman J, Preiser JC, et al. Clinical review: Consensus recommendations on measurement of blood glucose and reporting glycemic control in critically ill adults. Critical Care (London, England). 2013;17(3):229. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12537.
- Flaherman VJ, Aby J, Burgos AE, et al. Effect of Early Limited Formula on Duration and Exclusivity of Breastfeeding in At-Risk Infants: An RCT. PEDIATRICS. 2013;131(6):1059–1065. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2809.
- Flores-le Roux JA, Sagarra E, Benaiges D, et al. A prospective evaluation of neonatal hypoglycaemia in infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2012;97(2):217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.03.011.
- Gambino R. Glucose: A simple molecule that is not simple to quantify. Clinical Chemistry. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.094466.
- Ghavane S, Murki S, Subramanian S, et al. Kangaroo Mother Care in Kangaroo ward for improving the growth and breastfeeding outcomes when reaching term gestational age in very low birth weight infants. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. 2012;101(12):545–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12023.
- Groenendaal F, Elferink-Stinkens P. Hypoglycaemia and seizures in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) full-term neonates. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. 2006;95(7):874–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/08035250500544948.
- Güemes M, Rahman SA, Hussain K. What is a normal blood glucose? Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2016;101(6):569–574. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308336.
- Guideline N. Diabetes in pregnancy. 2015;29(5):685-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.04.009.
- Gunn V, Nechyba C. The Harriet Lane Handbook. A Manual for Pediatric House Officers. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002;61(716):556–557. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.61.716.556-a.
- Gyurkovits Z, Kálló K, Bakki J, et al. Neonatal outcome of macrosomic infants: an analysis of a two-year period. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology. 2011;159(2):289-92.
- Hagvik J. Comment on: Bellini C, Serra G, Risso D, Mazzella M, Bonioli E. Reliability assessment of glucose measurement by HemoCue analyser in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45(11):1549-54. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2008;46(5):729–30; author reply 731. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18839476.
- Haninger NC, Farley CL. Screening for hypoglycemia in healthy term neonates: Effects on breastfeeding. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health. 2001;46(5):292–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1526-9523(01)00180-5.
- Harding JE, Harris DL, Hegarty JE, et al. An emerging evidence base for the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Early Human Development. 2017;104:51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.12.009.
- Harris DL, Alsweiler JM, Ansell JM, et al. Outcome at 2 Years after Dextrose Gel Treatment for Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial. Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;170:54–59e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.066.
- Harris DL, Gamble GD, Weston PJ, et al. What Happens to Blood Glucose Concentrations After Oral Treatment for Neonatal Hypoglycemia? Journal of Pediatrics. 2017;190:136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.06.034.
- Harris DL, Weston PJ, Battin MR, et al. A survey of the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia within the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2014;50(10):E55–E62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01599.x.
- Harris DL, Weston PJ, Harding JE. Incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in babies identified as at risk. Journal of Pediatrics. 2012;161(5):787–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.022.
- Harris DL, Weston PJ, Harding JE. Lactate, rather than ketones, may provide alternative cerebral fuel in hypoglycaemic newborns. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2015;100(2):F161–F164. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306435.
- Harris DL, Weston PJ, Signal M, et al. Dextrose gel for neonatal hypoglycaemia (the Sugar Babies Study): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2013;382(9910):2077–2083. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61645-1.
- Harris DL, Weston PJ, Williams CE, et al. Cot-side electroencephalography monitoring is not clinically useful in the detection of mild neonatal hypoglycemia. Journal of Pediatrics. 2011;159(5):755–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.04.026.
- Hawdon J, Cheetham T, Schenk DJ, et al. Metabolic and endocrine disorders. In Rennie and Roberton’s Textbook of Neonatology (pp. 849–926). 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3479-4.00035-0.
- Hawdon JM, Platt MPW. Patterns of metabolic adaptation for preterm and term infants in the first neonatal week, (October 1991). 1992;357–365.
- Hawdon JM, Ward Platt MP, Aynsley-Green A. Patterns of metabolic adaptation for preterm and term infants in the first neonatal week. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67(4 SPEC NO). 1992;357–365. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.67.4_Spec_No.357.
- Hawdon JM. Best Practice Guidelines: Neonatal Hypoglycaemia. Early Human Development. 2010;86(5):261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.007.
- Hawdon JM. Investigation, prevention and management of neonatal hypoglycaemia (impaired postnatal metabolic adaptation). Paediatrics and Child Health. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2011.08.006.
- Hawdon JM. Postnatal metabolic adaptation and neonatal hypoglycaemia. Paediatrics and Child Health (United Kingdom). 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2015.12.001.
- Hawkes CP, Stanley CA. 53 Pathophysiology of Neonatal Hypoglycemia. 2017.
- Hay WW, Cornblath M. Historical Perspectives: Transient Symptomatic Neonatal Hypoglycemia. NeoReviews. 2003;4(1):1e–5. https://doi.org/10.1542/neo.4-1-e1.
- Heck LJ, Erenberg A. Serum glucose levels in term neonates during the first 48 hours of life. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1987;110(1):119–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80303-7.
- Hegarty J, Harding JE, Crowther C, et al. Oral dextrose gel for the prevention of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012152.
- Hegarty JE, Harding JE, Crowther CA, et al. Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at-risk neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012152.pub2.
- Hegarty JE, Harding JE, Gamble GD, et al. Prophylactic Oral Dextrose Gel for Newborn Babies at Risk of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia: A Randomised Controlled Dose-Finding Trial (the Pre-hPOD Study). PLoS Medicine. 2016;13(10):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002155.
- Hoftiezer L, Hukkelhoven CWPM, Hogeveen M, et al. Geboortegewichtcurven - Perined. Retrieved April 22, 2018, from https://www.perined.nl/producten/geboortegewichtcurven.
- Holtrop PC. The Frequency of Hypoglycemia in Full-Term Large and Small for Gestational Age Newborns. American Journal of Perinatology. 1993;10(2):150–154. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-994649.
- Hortensius J, Slingerland RJ, Kleefstra N, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose: The use of the first or the second drop of blood. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(3):556–560. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1694.
- Inoue S, Egi M, Kotani J, et al. Accuracy of blood-glucose measurements using glucose meters and arterial blood gas analyzers in critically ill adult patients: systematic review. Critical Care (London, England). 2013;17(2):R48. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12567.
- Ishikawa N. Natural progress of blood glucose in full-term low-grade low-birthweight infants. Pediatrics International. 2002;44(6):583–589. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-200X.2002.01637.x.
- Jain R, Myers TF, Kahn SE, et al. How accurate is glucose analysis in the presence of multiple interfering substances in the neonate? (Glucose analysis and interfering substances). Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 1996;10(1):13–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2825(1996)10:1<13::AID-JCLA3>3.0.CO;2-M.
- Jain V, Chen M, Menon RK. Chapter 94 – Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism. Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn. 2012;1320–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-0134-0.10094-0.
- Janssen K, Delanghe J. Importance of the pre-analytical phase in blood glucose analysis. Acta Clinica Belgica. 2010;65(5):311–318. https://doi.org/10.1179/acb.2010.068.
- Johnson CL, Versalovic J. The human microbiome and its potential importance to pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):950–960. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2736.
- Jonas D, Dietz W, Simma B. Hypoglycemia in newborn infants at risk. Klinische Padiatrie. 2014;226(5):287-91.
- Joosten KF, Schellekens AP, Waelkens JJ, et al. [Erroneous diagnosis “neonatal hypoglycemia” due to incorrect preservation of blood samples]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1991;135(37):1691–1694. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1922513.
- Kaiser JR, Bai S, Gibson N, et al. Association between transient newborn hypoglycemia and fourth-grade achievement test proficiency: A population-based study. JAMA Pediatrics. 2015;169(10):913–921. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1631.
- Kanji S, Buffie J, Hutton B, et al. Reliability of point-of-care testing for glucose measurement in critically ill adults. Critical Care Medicine. 2005;33(12):2778–2785. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000189939.10881.60.
- Kaplan M, Blondheim O, Alon I, et al. Screening for hypoglycemia with plasma in neonatal blood of high hematocrit value. Critical Care Medicine. 1989;17(3):279–282. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198903000-00016.
- Kautzky-Willer A, Bancher-Todesca D, Weitgasser R, et al. The impact of risk factors and more stringent diagnostic criteria of gestational diabetes on outcomes in central European women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;93(5):1689–1695. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2301.
- Kerstjens JM, Bocca-Tjeertes IF, de Winter AF, et al. Neonatal Morbidities and Developmental Delay in Moderately Preterm-Born Children. Pediatrics. 2012;130(2):e265–e272. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0079.
- Kinnala A, Rikalainen H, Lapinleimu H, et al. Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasonography Findings After Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Pediatrics. 1999;103(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.4.724.
- Kishnani PS, Chen YT. Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates 87.1 Glycogen Storage Diseases. 2015.
- Kitsommart R, Ngerncham S, Wongsiridej P, et al. Accuracy of the StatStrip versus SureStep Flexx glucose meter in neonates at risk of hypoglycemia. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2013;172(9):1181–1186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-013-2019-2.
- Koh HG, Aynsley-Green A, Tarbit M, et al. Neural dysfunction during hypoglycaemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1988;63:1353–1358. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1779138/pdf/archdisch00680-0065.pdf.
- Lilien LD, Grajwer LA, Pildes RS. Treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia with continuous intravenous glucose infusion. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977;91(5):779–782. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/909019.
- Lilien LD, Pildes RS, Srinivasan G, et al. Treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia with minibolus and intravenous glucose infusion. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980;97(2):295–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(80)80499-9.
- Linder N, Lahat Y, Kogan A, et al. Macrosomic newborns of non-diabetic mothers: anthropometric measurements and neonatal complications. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal Edition. 2014;99(5):F353-8.
- Lockyer MG, Fu K, Edwards RM, et al. Evaluation of the Nova StatStrip glucometer in a pediatric hospital setting. Clinical Biochemistry. 2014;47(9):840–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.004.
- Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ. et al. Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of moderate neonatal hypoglycaemia. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988;297(6659):1304–1308. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.297.6659.1304.
- Lucas A, Ynsley-Green A, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and the first meals. Clin Sci.(Lond). 1981;60(4):349–353. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0600349.
- McIntyre S, Taitz D, Keogh J, et al. A systematic review of risk factors for cerebral palsy in children born at term in developed countries. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2013;55(6):499–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12017.
- McKinlay CJD, Alsweiler JM, Ansell JM, et al. Neonatal Glycemia and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373(16):1507–1518. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504909.
- Meites S, Saniel-Banrey K. Preservation, distribution, and assay of glucose in blood, with special reference to the newborn. Clinical Chemistry. 1979;25(4):531–534.
- Mejri A, Dorval VG, Nuyt AM, et al. Hypoglycemia in term newborns with a birth weight below the 10th percentile. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2010;15(5):271–275.
- Metzger BE, Persson B, Lowe LP, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study: neonatal glycemia. Pediatrics. 2010;126(6):e1545-52.
- Mikesh LM, Bruns DE. Stabilization of glucose in blood specimens: mechanism of delay in fluoride inhibition of glycolysis. Clinical Chemistry. 2008;54(5):930–932. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.102160.
- Moore E, Bergman N, Anderson G, et al. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants (Review) SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR THE MAIN COMPARISON. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;(11). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub4.www.cochranelibrary.com.
- NCC-WCH Diabetes in pregnancy Management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0076657/pdf/PubMedHealth_PMH0076657.pdf.
- Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie & Gynaecologie. Diabetes mellitus en zwangerschap - Versie 2.0. 2010. Retrieved from http://www.nvog-documenten.nl/index.php?pagina=/richtlijn/item/pagina.php&id=27420&richtlijn_id=863.
- Newnam KM, Bunch M. Glucose Gel as a Treatment Strategy for Transient Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Advances in Neonatal Care : Official Journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses. 2017;17(6):470–477. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANC.0000000000000426.
- Ngerncham S, Piriyanimit S, Kolatat T, et al. Validity of two point-of-care glucometers in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoglycemia. Indian Pediatrics. 2012;49(8):621–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-012-0133-2.
- NICE. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. 2015. Retrieved from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1521693415000772.
- NICE. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period, (February). 2015;1–67. https://doi.org/978-1-4731-0993-3.
- NICE. Postnatal care up to 8 weeks after birth | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG37.
- Nicholl R. What is the normal range of blood glucose concentrations in healthy term newborns? Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003;88(3):238–239. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.88.3.238.
- NVK. Werkboek kinderendocrinologie- deel 2. (C. Kneepkens, Ed.) (Vol. 2). VU Uitgeverij, Amsterdam. 2010. Retrieved from https://www.nvk.nl/Kwaliteit/Werkboeken/Kinderendocrinologie.
- Onal EE, Hirfanoglu IM, Beken S, et al. Are the neonatal outcomes similar in large-for-gestational age infants delivered by women with or without gestational diabetes mellitus? World Journal of Pediatrics. 2012;8(2):136-9.
- Perined. Perinatale Zorg in Nederland 2016. Utrecht. 2016. Retrieved from https://assets.perined.nl/docs/7935f9c6-eaac-4f59-a150-307ae04efa27.pdf.
- Persson M, Fadl H, Hanson U, et al. Disproportionate Body Composition and Neonatal Outcome in Offspring of Mothers With and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. 2013;36(11):3543-8. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0899.
- Raizman JE, Shea J, Daly CH, et al. Clinical impact of improved point-of-care glucose monitoring in neonatal intensive care using Nova StatStrip: Evidence for improved accuracy, better sensitivity, and reduced test utilization. Clinical Biochemistry. 2016;49(12):879–884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.002.
- Rawat M, Chandrasekharan P, Turkovich S, et al. Oral Dextrose Gel Reduces the Need for Intravenous Dextrose Therapy in Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Biomedicine Hub. 2016;1(3):1–1. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448511.
- RIVM. Bevolkingsonderzoeken en screeningen. 2018. Retrieved from https://www.rivm.nl/Onderwerpen/B/Bevolkingsonderzoeken_en_screeningen.
- RIVM. Screening: de theorie. 2012. Retrieved from https://www.rivm.nl/Onderwerpen/B/Bevolkingsonderzoeken_en_screeningen/Screening_de_theorie.
- Roth-Kleiner M, Stadelmann Diaw C, Urfer J, et al. Evaluation of different POCT devices for glucose measurement in a clinical neonatal setting. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2010;169(11):1387–1395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-010-1243-2.
- Rozance PJ, Hay WW. Describing hypoglycemia--definition or operational threshold? Early Human Development. 2010;86(5):275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.002.
- Rozance PJ, Hay WW. New approaches to management of neonatal hypoglycemia. Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology. 2016a;2(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40748-016-0031-z.
- Rozance PJ. Update on neonatal hypoglycemia. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000027.
- Sacks DB, Bruns DE, Horton J, et al. Point-of-Care Blood Glucose Testing in Acute and Chronic Care Facilities; Approved Guideline—Third Edition. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (Vol. 33). Wayne, PA. 2013. Retrieved from https://clsi.org/media/1497/poct12a3_sample.pdf.
- Scott MG, Bruns DE, Boyd JC, et al. Tight glucose control in the intensive care unit: Are glucose meters up to the task? 2009. Clinical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.117291.
- Screening: de theorie - RIVM. 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018, from https://www.rivm.nl/Onderwerpen/B/Bevolkingsonderzoeken_en_screeningen/Screening_de_theorie.
- Semmekrot B. Hypoglykemie bij de pasgeborene: weet u wat u meet? - Artikel - Editie - Tijdschrift & E-learning - Praktische Pediatrie. Praktische Pediatrie. 2015;2:93–99. Retrieved from https://www.praktischepediatrie.nl/tijdschrift-elearning/editie/artikel/t/hypoglykemie-bij-de-pasgeborene-weet-u-wat-u-meet.
- Shorey S, He HG, Morelius E. Skin-to-skin contact by fathers and the impact on infant and paternal outcomes: an integrative review. Midwifery. 2016;40:207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.007.
- Sidebottom RA, Williams PR, Kanarek KS. Glucose determinations in plasma and serum: Potential error related to increased hematocrit. Clinical Chemistry. 1982;28(1):190–192.
- Singhal PK, Singh M, Paul VK, et al. Prevention of hypoglycemia: a controlled evaluation of sugar fortified milk feeding in small-for-gestational age infants. Indian Pediatrics. 1992;29(11):1365–1369.
- Sperling MA, Ganguli S, Leslie N, et al. Fetal-perinatal catecholamine secretion: role in perinatal glucose homeostasis. The American Journal of Physiology. 1984;247(1 Pt 1):E69-74. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.1.E69 [doi].
- Sperling MA. Hypoglycemia SIGNIFICANCE AND SEQUELAE. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 2-Volume Set. 2016;773–788.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-7566-8.00092-2.
- Suman RPN, Udani R, Nanavati R. Kangaroo mother care for low birth weight infants: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics. 2008;45(1):17–23. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18250500.
- Swenne I, Ewald U, Gustafsson J, et al. Inter-relationship between serum concentrations of glucose, glucagon and insulin during the first two days of life in healthy newborns. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. 1994;83(9):915–919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13170.x.
- Tang Z, Du X, Louie RF, et al. Effects of pH on glucose measurements with handheld glucose meters and a portable glucose analyzer for point-of-care testing. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2000;124(4):577–582. https://doi.org/10.1309/QAW1-X5XW-BVRQ-5LKQ.
- Tang Z, Lee JH, Louie RF, et al. Effects of different hematocrit levels on glucose measurements with handheld meters for point-of-care testing. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2000;124(8):1135–1140. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-9985(2000)124<1135:EODHLO>2.0.CO;2.
- Tang Z, Louie RF, Lee JH, et al. Oxygen effects on glucose meter measurements with glucose dehydrogenase- and oxidase-based test strips for point-of-care testing. Critical Care Medicine. 2001;29(5):1062–1070. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200105000-00038.
- Ter M, Halibullah I, Leung L, et al. Implementation of dextrose gel in the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2017;53(4):408–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13409.
- The HAPO Study Cooperative. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;358(19):1991–2002. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0707943.
- Thornton P, Stanley C, De Leon D, et al. Recommendations from the Pediatric Endocrine Society for evaluation and management of hersistent Hypoglycemia in neonates, infants and children. Journal of Pediatrics. 2015;167(2):238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.057.
- Tozier PK. Colostrum Versus Formula Supplementation for Glucose Stabilization in Newborns of Diabetic Mothers. JOGNN - Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2013;42(6):619–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12260.
- Troughton K, Corrigan N, Tait R. Hypostop gel in the treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000;82(Suppl 1):A29–A32. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.82.suppl_1.A29.
- Van Der Hagen EAE, Fokkert MJ, Kleefman AMD, et al. Technical and clinical validation of the Greiner FC-Mix glycaemia tube. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2017;55(10):1530–1536. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2016-0944.
- Vannucci RC, Vannucci SJ. Glucose metabolism in the developing brain. Semin Perinatol. 2000;24(2):107–115. https://doi.org/10.1053/sp.2000.6361.
- Voeten M, Gerrits G, Voorhoeve P, et al. Behandeling van neonatale hypoglykemie: frequenter aanleggen aan de borst versus bijvoeden met flesvoeding; retrospectief statusonderzoek. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2008;152(31).
- Volpe JJ. Hypoglycemia and brain injury. Neurology of the Newborn. Volpe JJ. 2008;591–618.
- Wada Y, Nakamura T, Kaneshige M, et al. Evaluation of two glucose meters and interference corrections for screening neonatal hypoglycemia. Pediatrics International. 2015;57(4):603–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.12543.
- Weissmann-Brenner A, Simchen MJ, Zilberberg E, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of large for gestational age pregnancies. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2012;91(7):844–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01412.x.
- Weston PJ, Harris DL, Battin M, et al. Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011027.pub2.
- WHO. Hypoglycemia in the newborn. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(67)80157-X.
- Wiener K. Whole blood glucose: What are we actually measuring? Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1995;32(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/000456329503200101.
- Williams AF. Hypoglycaemia of the newborn: A review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. World Health Organization. 1997. https://doi.org/10.1177/089033449801400227.
- Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. Public Health Papers. 1966. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1969.00300130131020.
- Woo HC, Tolosa L, El-Metwally D, et al. Glucose monitoring in neonates: Need for accurate and non-invasive methods. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-304682.
- World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding. 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding.
- Zecca E, Costa S, Barone G, et al. Proactive Enteral Nutrition in Moderately Preterm Small for Gestational Age Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2014;165(6):1135–1139.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.06.