Niet-vorderende ontsluiting

Initiatief: NVOG Aantal modules: 5

Order oxytocin augmentation and amniotomy

Publicatiedatum: 01-04-2026
Beoordeeld op geldigheid: 01-04-2026

Uitgangsvraag

Moet oxytocine bijstimulatie worden gestart vóór of na een amniotomie tijdens de eerste fase (de ontsluitingsfase) van de bevalling bij nulliparae à terme met een niet-vorderende ontsluiting?

 

Clinical question

Should oxytocin augmentation be started after or prior to amniotomy during the first stage (the dilatation phase) of labour in nulliparous women at term with arrested or protracted labour?

Aanbeveling

Overweeg om amniotomie toe te passen vóór de toediening van een oxytocine-infuus, na het vaststellen van een niet-vorderende ontsluiting bij nulliparae tijdens de eerste fase (de ontsluitingsfase)  van een spontane bevalling.

 

Recommendation

Consider performing amniotomy before the administration of oxytocin infusion after diagnosing protracted or arrest of labour in nulliparous women during the first stage of spontaneous labour.

Overwegingen

Considerations – evidence to decision

Even though no studies were included in the analysis of the literature due to a mismatch between the search results and our PICO, one study which is related to the PICO might yield some indirect evidence. This study evaluates the effect of amniotomy followed by oxytocin versus oxytocin followed by amniotomy versus both interventions simultaneously in women with a prolonged latent phase (Nachum, 2010). The study is described below.

 

Nachum and colleagues (2010) studied women (nulliparous and parous) at term (>37 weeks of gestation) with intact amniotic membranes and a singleton fetus in cephalic presentation who had a prolonged latent phase of labour, and compared the effect of 1) amniotomy, followed by oxytocin administration if no progress was observed after 2 hours; 2) oxytocin, followed by amniotomy if no progress was observed after 2 hours; and 3) both interventions performed simultaneously. Nachum et al. concluded that labour duration was shorter for women who received both interventions simultaneously (group 3) than for women who received either amniotomy or oxytocin first (group 1 and 2), even though they did not provide any numbers on how many women needed both interventions in these two groups. Results of the primiparous women are shown in Table 1.

 

Hoewel er geen studies in de literatuur analyse zijn opgenomen vanwege een discrepantie tussen de zoekresultaten en onze PICO, kan één studie die wel gerelateerd is aan de PICO mogelijk indirect bewijs leveren. Deze studie onderzoekt het effect van amniotomie gevolgd door oxytocine, versus oxytocine gevolgd door amniotomie, versus beide interventies gelijktijdig bij vrouwen met een verlengde latente fase (Nachum, 2010). De studie wordt hieronder beschreven.

 

Nachum en collega’s (2010) onderzochten vrouwen (zowel nulli- als multiparae) à terme (>37 weken zwangerschap) met intacte vliezen en een eenling in hoofdligging, die een verlengde latente fase van de bevalling doormaakten. Ze vergeleken het effect van 1) amniotomie, gevolgd door toediening van oxytocine indien er na 2 uur geen vooruitgang was; 2) oxytocine, gevolgd door amniotomie indien na 2 uur geen vooruitgang was; en 3) beide interventies die gelijktijdig werden uitgevoerd. Nachum et al. concludeerden dat de duur van de bevalling korter was bij vrouwen die beide interventies gelijktijdig kregen (groep 3), vergeleken met vrouwen die eerst amniotomie of oxytocine kregen (groep 1 en 2), hoewel zij geen gegevens rapporteerden over hoeveel vrouwen in deze twee groepen uiteindelijk beide interventies nodig hadden. De resultaten van de nulliparae zijn weergegeven in Tabel 1.

  

Table 1. Study outcomes on primiparous women from Nachum (2010)

Outcome measure

Amniotomy first (n=21)

Oxytocin first (n=20)

Amniotomy and oxytocin (n=16)

Duration of the first stage of labour (min)

555 ± 307 *

533 ± 359 *

351 ± 327

Duration of the active phase (min)

216 ± 161

114 ± 54

139 ± 84

Duration of the second stage (min)

75 ± 64

57 ± 65

69 ± 49

Spontaneous vaginal delivery (n)

16 (76)

17 (85)

14 (88)

Vacuum (n)

3 (14)

2 (10)

2 (13)

Cesarean section (n)

2 (10)

1 (5)

0 (0)

Women satisfaction**

4.4 ± 0.9

4.4 ± 0.7

4.8 ± 0.5

Values are shown as mean ± standard devatiation or as numbers (percentage).
Source: Nachum (2010).

* significantly different from the ‘amniotomy and oxytocin’ group.

** Measured on a 1 (absolutely not satisfied) to 5 (absolutely satisfied) numerical rating scale.

 

Pros and cons of the intervention and quality of the evidence

We found no studies that met our inclusion criteria. Nachum (2010) compared three arms; two arms assessing either amniotomy or oxytocin alone and adding the other intervention if necessary and one arm assessing both treatments simultaneously, for prolonged latent phase (i.e. before approximately 5 cm cervical dilatation), not for arrested labour or protracted labour (i.e. slow progress after approximately 5 cm cervical dilatation). This study did not report any critical neonatal outcomes. Another critical point is that this study compared only women in the latent phase of the first stage of labour and not in the active phase. Also, there is no literature on on the order of amniotomy and oxytocin in arrested or protracted labor in women with induced labor.

 

There are theoretical concerns regarding the risks and disadvantages of early amniotomy. Amniotomy opens the amniotic sac, which may increase the risk of maternal and neonatal infection. Additionally, some of the natural protective mechanisms for the baby could be compromised due to the loss of amniotic fluid, potentially leading to umbilical cord compression with unclear or abnormal CTG patterns.

 

The alternative approach is to administer oxytocin first and consider amniotomy after assessment of the progress of labour. This could decrease the risk of intrapartum fever, chorioamnionitis, intrapartum CTG changes, and neonatal infections. However, this method also has its drawbacks. Oxytocin augmentation requires equipment and precise monitoring and evaluation of labour progress, which can be resource consuming. Furthermore, pain control for the expectant mother could be challenging, especially if the labour is progressing slowly.

 

In summary, there is no clear-cut answer as to whether amniotomy or oxytocin administration should come first or even simultaneously.

 

Er werden geen studies gevonden die voldeden aan de inclusiecriteria. Nachum (2010) vergeleek drie groepen; twee groepen waarin respectievelijk amniotomie of oxytocine werd toegepast, met toevoeging van de andere interventie indien nodig, en één groep waarin beide interventies gelijktijdig werden uitgevoerd. Deze studie betrof vrouwen met een verlengde latente fase (d.w.z. vóór ongeveer 5 cm ontsluiting) en niet vrouwen met een niet-vorderende ontsluiting (d.w.z. trage voortgang na ongeveer 5 cm ontsluiting). Er werden geen cruciale neonatale uitkomstmaten gerapporteerd. Een ander belangrijk punt is dat deze studie uitsluitend vrouwen in de latente fase van de eerste fase van de bevalling includeerde, en niet in de actieve fase. Daarnaast is er geen literatuur beschikbaar over de volgorde van amniotomie en oxytocine bij een niet-vorderende baring na inductie van de bevalling.

Er bestaan theoretische zorgen over de risico's en nadelen van vroege amniotomie. Het openen van de vruchtzak kan het risico op maternale en neonatale infecties verhogen. Bovendien kunnen natuurlijke beschermingsmechanismen voor de foetus worden aangetast door het verlies van vruchtwater, wat mogelijk kan leiden tot navelstrengcompressie met onduidelijke of afwijkende CTG-patronen.

Een alternatieve benadering is om eerst oxytocine toe te dienen en pas later, na beoordeling van de voortgang van de bevalling, amniotomie te overwegen. Dit zou het risico op intrapartum koorts, chorioamnionitis, CTG-veranderingen tijdens de bevalling en neonatale infecties kunnen verlagen. Deze aanpak kent echter ook nadelen. Oxytocine bijstimulatie vereist apparatuur en nauwkeurige monitoring en evaluatie van de voortgang van de bevalling. Bovendien kan pijnbestrijding voor de barende moeder een uitdaging vormen, vooral bij trage voortgang van de bevalling.

Samengevat is er geen eenduidig antwoord op de vraag of amniotomie of toediening van oxytocine als eerste of gelijktijdig moet worden toegepast.

 

Values and preferences of patients (and their caregivers)

Nachum (2010) found that women who received both amniotomy and oxytocin at the same time were more satisified, but there was no difference between the two groups with alternate sequence of the two interventions.

 

The primary goal of an intervention is to ensure a safe childbirth and a positive childbirth experience. Specifically, the goal of amniotomy and/or oxytocin includes facilitating cervical dilation and progress of labour, thereby reducing the duration of labour, which can help minimise maternal exhaustion and discomfort. Further factors are minimising risks associated with prolonged labour, such as infection or fetal distress.

 

Women may choose amniotomy first since it potentially reduces medication use, allowing a more natural labour progression. Alternatively, opting for intact membranes with oxytocin first could protect the fetus from infection and distress. Concerns about medicalisation of the birth process may also arise. The value of these pros and cons varies among parturients. Some may prioritise a more natural birth experience, while others may prioritise a shorter labour. The certainty about these preferences can vary widely among individuals and may be influenced by cultural, psychological, and past birth experiences. Therefore, it is important to take these preferences into account and to make a decision according to the principles of shared decision making.

 

Nachum (2010) vond dat vrouwen die amniotomie en oxytocine gelijktijdig kregen meer tevreden waren, maar er werd geen verschil gevonden tussen de twee groepen waarin de interventies in een andere volgorde werden toegepast.

Het primaire doel van een interventie is het waarborgen van een veilige bevalling en een positieve bevallingservaring. Het specifieke doel van amniotomie en/of oxytocine is het bevorderen van de ontsluiting en de voortgang van de bevalling, met als doel het verkorten van de duur van de bevalling. Dit kan bijdragen aan het verminderen van maternale uitputting en ongemak. Daarnaast is het van belang om risico’s die gepaard gaan met een langdurige bevalling, zoals infecties of foetale nood, te minimaliseren.

Sommige vrouwen kiezen mogelijk voor amniotomie als eerste stap, omdat dit het gebruik van medicatie kan beperken en een meer natuurlijke voortgang van de bevalling mogelijk maakt. Anderzijds kan het behouden van intacte vliezen en het eerst toedienen van oxytocine de foetus mogelijk beter beschermen tegen infecties en stress. Er kunnen ook zorgen bestaan over de medicalisering van het geboorteproces. De waarde die vrouwen hechten aan deze voor- en nadelen verschilt per individu. Sommigen geven de voorkeur aan een zo natuurlijk mogelijke bevalling, terwijl anderen een kortere bevalling belangrijker vinden. De mate van zekerheid over deze voorkeuren varieert sterk en kan worden beïnvloed door culturele, psychologische en eerdere geboorte-ervaringen. Het is daarom essentieel om deze voorkeuren mee te nemen in het besluitvormingsproces en te handelen volgens de principes van gezamenlijke besluitvorming.

 

Costs

Amniotomy in itself has little cost related to the instrument by which it is accomplished, compared to oxytocin infusion. However, if amniotomy before oxytocin would lead to more interventions or postpartum complications, this would outweigh the lower cost. No study has assessed cost-effectiveness.

 

Amniotomie op zich brengt weinig kosten met zich mee, gezien het eenvoudige instrument dat hiervoor wordt gebruikt, zeker in vergelijking met een oxytocine-infuus. Echter, als amniotomie voorafgaand aan oxytocine zou leiden tot meer interventies of complicaties  postpartum, zouden deze extra gevolgen de lagere kosten tenietdoen. Er is geen enkele studie die de kosteneffectiviteit van deze benadering heeft onderzocht.

 

Acceptability, feasibility and implementation

Amniotomy is a non-pharmacological method for labour augmentation, while oxytocin infusion is a pharmacological treatment administered intravenously. This can affect acceptability among birthing women, since scepticism toward pharmacological treatments is common. Among midwives, amniotomy may be favoured as a first step since this may be independently performed by the midwife, while oxytocin infusion for labour augmentation requires a doctor’s prescription in most settings. Oxytocin administration is also somewhat more cumbersome as it requires more of the midwife’s time to prepare the infusion, acquire intravenous access, set up the equipment to regulate the speed of infusion, and monitor CTG continuously. However, both women, midwives, and doctors perceive the risk of complications that may occur after the membranes have been ruptured, such as infection and an abnormal CTG. However, oxytocin administration can also lead to an abnormal CTG. Thus, if these complications would be decreased by administering oxytocin before amniotomy, perhaps avoiding amniotomy altogether, with intact effectiveness measures, it would likely become the preferred order.

 

Amniotomie is een niet-farmacologische methode voor het stimuleren van de bevalling, terwijl een oxytocine-infuus een farmacologische behandeling betreft die intraveneus wordt toegediend. Dit verschil kan de acceptatie onder barende vrouwen beïnvloeden, aangezien scepsis bestaat ten aanzien van farmacologische interventies. Onder verloskundigen kan amniotomie de voorkeur hebben als eerste stap, omdat deze handeling zelfstandig kan worden uitgevoerd, terwijl voor oxytocine-toediening via een infuus in de meeste settings een doktersvoorschrift vereist is. Toediening van oxytocine is bovendien enigszins omslachtig: het vergt meer tijd om het infuus voor te bereiden, intraveneuze toegang te verkrijgen, de infuussnelheid te reguleren en continu CTG- monitoring te waarborgen. Tegelijkertijd worden mogelijke complicaties na het breken van de vliezen, zoals infecties en afwijkende CTG-patronen, als risicovol beschouwd door zowel vrouwen, verloskundigen als artsen. Anderzijds kan ook toediening van oxytocine leiden tot afwijkende CTG-patronen. Indien het toedienen van oxytocine vóór amniotomie deze complicaties zou kunnen verminderen, en amniotomie mogelijk zelfs overbodig maakt zonder verlies van effectiviteit, dan zou deze volgorde waarschijnlijk de voorkeur krijgen.

 

Differences between countries

The traditional approach in most European countries is to perform amniotomy first and then administer oxytocin if labour progress remains slow after a few hours. This has the advantage of being widely practiced and recommended by experienced obstetricians in many countries. In most countries, national guidelines do not routinely recommend the use of amniotomy and oxytocin during labour, although active management of labour is occasionally favored. However, if labour is suspected to be delayed, amniotomy is favored as the initial procedure. This approach also has the advantage that in countries where childbirth is midwife-centered (e.g., UK, the Netherlands), the care does not necessarily need to be transferred to medical management. If there is insufficient progress under this approach, oxytocin augmentation is an option.

 

De traditionele benadering in de meeste Europese landen is om eerst amniotomie toe te passen en vervolgens oxytocine toe te dienen indien de voortgang van de bevalling na enkele uren traag blijft. Dit heeft het voordeel dat deze werkwijze breed wordt toegepast en wordt aanbevolen door ervaren gynaecologen in veel landen. In de meeste landen bevelen nationale richtlijnen het routinematig gebruik van amniotomie en oxytocine tijdens de bevalling niet aan, hoewel actief management van de bevalling soms de voorkeur krijgt. Wanneer er een vermoeden bestaat van vertraagde baringsvoortgang, wordt amniotomie doorgaans als eerste interventie gekozen. Een bijkomend voordeel van deze aanpak is dat in landen waar de geboortezorg primair verloskundig is georienteerd (bijvoorbeeld het Verenigd Koninkrijk en Nederland), de zorg niet direct te worden overgedragen aan een medisch specialist. Indien de voorgang onder deze aanpak onvoldoende blijft, kan oxytocine bijstimulatie alsnog worden overwogen.

 

Recommendation

Rational of the recommendation: weighing arguments in favour and against the intervention

Based on the existing evidence in the literature, no clear recommendation can be made regarding the order of amniotomy and oxytocin. Since amniotomy before oxytocin is the most common practice today, there is, at this time, no reason to change the current practice.

 

Op basis van het huidige bewijs in de literatuur kan er geen eenduidige aanbeveling worden gedaan over de volgorde van amniotomie en oxytocine. Aangezien amniotomie vóór oxytocine momenteel de meest gangbare praktijk is, bestaat er op dit moment geen aanleiding om deze werkwijzeaan te passen.

 

Onderbouwing

Slow or absent progress during labour is a common problem in obstetrics. To augment labour, amniotomy (artificial rupture of membranes) has been traditionally used for women with intact membranes, usually accompanied or followed by oxytocin. In most countries, amniotomy is traditionally performed first, and after 1-2 hours the progress is evaluated and if no progress is recorded, oxytocin is administered as an intravenous infusion. However, keeping membranes intact could be beneficial in several ways. Hypothetically, intact membranes could reduce pain, intrapartum fever, chorioamnionitis, neonatal infection, and ambiguous or abnormal CTG patterns associated with potential umbilical cord compression after amniotomy. The limited available data are unable to support conclusions on the order of amniotomy and oxytocin for treatment of arrested or protracted labour beyond the onset of active labour. We therefore felt it of value to re-assess the data on the order of amniotomy and oxytocin in the setting of augmenting protracted or arrested labour.

No studies were found that matched the PICO.

A systematic review of the literature was performed to answer the following question:

 

What is the effect of augmentation of labour with oxytocin prior to amniotomy, instead of amniotomy prior to augmentation of labour with oxytocin, in primiparous women during the first stage of spontaneous or induced labour at term, with a foetus in cephalic presentation, intact membranes, and with arrested or protracted labour?

 

Patients

Primiparous women during the first stage of spontaneous or induced labour at term (gestational age ≥37+0) and a foetus in cephalic presentation, intact membranes and diagnosed with protracted or arrested labour.

Intervention

Oxytocin augmentation prior to amniotomy.

Control

Amniotomy prior to oxytocin augmentation.

Outcomes

Perinatal death, Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes, umbilical cord (artery) pH<7, Sarnat score, Thompson score, encephalopathy, caesarean section, instrumental vaginal delivery, duration of labour, anal sphincter rupture, incontinence, haemorrhage >1000 ml, infection, satisfaction/childbirth experience, breastfeeding, bonding and later caesarean section at maternal request.

Relevant outcome measures

The guideline development group considered perinatal death, Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes, umbilical cord (artery) pH<7, Sarnat score, Thompson score, and encephalopathy as critical outcome measures for decision making; and caesarean section, instrumental vaginal delivery, duration of labour, anal sphincter rupture, incontinence, haemorrhage >1000 ml, infection, satisfaction/childbirth experience, breastfeeding, bonding, and later caesarean section at maternal request as important outcome measures for decision making.

 

A priori, the working group did not define the outcome measures listed above but used the definitions used in the studies.

 

The working group defined RR<0.95 or RR>1.05 as a minimal clinically (patient) important difference for the outcome measures perinatal death and encephalopathy. For the other binary outcomes, RR<0.8 or RR>1.25 was considered as a minimal clinically (patient) important difference. For the continuous outcome measure duration of labour, a mean difference of 0.5 Standard Deviation (SD) was considered a minimal clinically (patient) important difference.

 

Search and select (Methods)

The databases Medline (via OVID) and Embase (via Embase.com) were searched using relevant search terms until july 7th, 2022. The detailed search strategy is depicted under the tab Methods. The systematic literature search resulted in 149 hits. Studies were selected based on the following criteria:

  • Systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or comparative observational studies
  • Women with protracted or arrested labour during the first stage of spontaneous or induced labour
  • Comparison of oxytocin augmentation prior to amniotomy versus oxytocin augmentation after amniotomy
  • Assessing one or more of the predefined outcomes
  • Articles published from 1990 to July 11th 2022
  • Publications in English.

25 studies were initially selected based on title and abstract screening. Yet, after reading the full text, all 25 studies were excluded (see the table with reasons for exclusion under the tab Methods), thus none of the studies were included.

 

Results

No studies were included in the analysis of the literature, since no studies matched the PICO and predefined inclusion criteria.

  1. Nachum Z, Garmi G, Kadan Y, Zafran N, Shalev E, Salim R. Comparison between amniotomy, oxytocin or both for augmentation of labor in prolonged latent phase: a randomized controlled trial. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2010 Nov 7;8:136.

Beoordelingsdatum en geldigheid

Publicatiedatum  : 01-04-2026

Beoordeeld op geldigheid  : 01-04-2026

Validity period

The Board of the Dutch Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (NVOG) will assess whether these guidelines are still up to date in 2029 at the latest. If necessary, a new working group will be appointed to revise the guideline. The guideline’s validity may lapse earlier if new developments demand revision at an earlier date.

As the holder of this guideline, the NVOG is chiefly responsible for keeping the guideline up to date. Other scientific organizations participating in the guideline or users of the guideline share the responsibility to inform the chiefly responsible party about relevant developments within their fields.

Initiatief en autorisatie

Initiatief:
  • Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie
Geautoriseerd door:
  • Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie
  • Koninklijke Nederlandse Organisatie van Verloskundigen

Algemene gegevens

In collaboration with:

  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe
  • Vlaamse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie
  • Federação das Sociedades Portuguesas de Obstetricia e Ginecologia
  • Svensk Förening För Obstetrik & Gynekologi
  • Hellenic Society of Obstetric and Gynecological Emergency
  • Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe
  • Dansk Selskab for Obstetrik og Gynækologi
  • Česká gynekologická a porodnická společnost
  • European Midwives Association

Samenstelling werkgroep

Composition guideline development panel

An international panel for the development of the guidelines was formed in 2019. The panel consisted of representatives from all relevant medical disciplines that are involved in medical care for pregnant women.

All panel members have been officially delegated for participation in the guideline development panel by their (scientific) societies. The panel has developed the guidelines in the period from January 2022 until May 2024.

The guideline development panel is responsible for the entire text of this guideline.

 

All panel members have been officially delegated for participation in the guideline development panel by their scientific societies. The guideline development panel is responsible for the entire text of this guideline.

 

Members of the EAPM Standing Committee on Guideline Development (SCGD)

  • J.J. Duvekot, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (chair)
  • D. Ayres de Campos, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculdade de Medicina, Lisbon, Portugal
  • S. Brismar-Wendel, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
  • G. Daskalakis, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Creece.
  • I. Dehaene, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospital Belgium
  • M. Kacerovsky, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
  • S. Kehl, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
  • Julie Glavind, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
  • A. Hamza, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center of Saarland, Homburg an der Saar, Germany
  • M.A. Ledingham, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Glasgow, UK
  • B. Magowan, obstetrician, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and previous Co-Chair UK RCOG Guidelines Committee, NHS Borders, Scotland, UK

Advisor committee (part of the committee since September 2023)

  • E. Mestdagh,  Director of Research and Development, AP University of Applied Sciences and Arts Antwerp, Belgium, Scientific advisor and guideline developer, KNOV, The Netherlands
  • I. Wilsens, senior program coördinator development & innovation, KNOV, the Netherlands
  • I. van Ee, patient representative, Dutch Patient Federation, the Netherlands
  • P. Stenbäck, Midwife, MCHS, Program Director - Midwifery education. School of Business and Healthcare, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Treasurer, board member EMA, European Midwifes Association, Belgium
  • C. Matteo, European Midwives Association

Methodological support

  • J. Tuijtelaars, advisor, Knowledge Institute of the Dutch Association of Medical Specialists
  • J.H. van der Lee, senior advisor, Knowledge Institute of the Dutch Association of Medical Specialists

Belangenverklaringen

Declarations of interests

The Code for the prevention of improper influence due to conflicts of interest was followed.

The working group members have provided written statements about (financially supported) relations with commercial companies, organisations or institutions related to the subject matter of the guideline during the past three years. Furthermore, inquiries have been made regarding personal financial interests, interests due to personal relationships, interests related to reputation management, interest related to externally financed research and interests related to knowledge valorisation. The chair of the guideline development panel is informed about changes in interests during the development process. The declarations of interests are reconfirmed during the commentary phase. The declarations of interests can be requested at the administrative office of the Knowledge Institute of the Dutch Association of Medical Specialists and are summarised below. 

Last name

Principal position

Ancillary position(s)

Declared interests

Action

Duvekot (chair)

Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam

Director 'Medisch Advies en Expertise Bureau Duvekot' - making expertises on medical calamities
Adjunct Professor Airlangga University Surabaya - teaching students and residents

None

None

Dehaene

Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospital

None

None

None

Hamza

Leading Consultant at the department of obstetrics and prenatal medicine Kantonspital Baden
Lecturer/Reseacher at the university of Saarland, Germany

At the cantonal hospital I am involved in the clinical work, research and development.
At the university of Saarland I teach undergraduate students.

Inovolvement in research and development to improve maternofenal health.

 

None

Ledingham

Consultant in Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Glasgow

Guideline developer for sign (scottisch intercollegiate guidelines group)

None

None

Magowan

Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Co-Chair UK RCOG Guidelines Committee, NHS Borders, Scotland

Previous Co-chair RCOG Guidelines committee

None

None

Stenbäck

Midwife, MCHS, Program Director - Midwifery education. School of Business and Healthcare.

Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki.

Treasurer, board member EMA, European Midwifes, Association, Belgium.

Program director of Midwifery education, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki. full time employment.

 

Treasurer of European Midwives Association, is a position of trust. EMA is a non-profit and non-governmental organisation of midwives, representing midwifery organisations and associations from the member states of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area (EEA) and EU applicant countries and Council of Europe.

None

None

Brismar Wendel

MD, senior consulant, specialist in obstetrics and gynaecology. Department of Women's Health, Danderyd Hospital

None

None

None

Ayres de Campos

Full Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Medical School, University of Lisbon

None

None

None

Daskalakis

Professor OB/GYN National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Head of 1st Dept Obstetrics and Gynecology

General obstetrics and Gynecology duties.
Pertinatology and fetomatemal medicine.

None

None

Wilsens

Senior program coördinator development & innovation, KNOV, the Netherlands

None

None

None

Glavind

Senior Consultant in obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
Associate Professor, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark

Member of the Danish National Obstetrics Guideline Steering Comittee: Responsible for coordinating the process in developing, revising and approving Danish national guidelines in obstetrics including the planning of an annual national guideline meeting to discuss new and revised guidlines. This position is not remunerated.

Member of the Danish Consortium for Multicentre Studies in Obstetrics and Gynecology
(DOiT): Facilitates national clinical studies in ObGyn.
This position is not remunerated.

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Kehl

Delegate of the German Society of Perinatal Medicine and German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics

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Mestdagh

Director of Research and Development - AP University of Applied Sciences and Arts Antwerp - Belgium
Scientific advisor and guideline developer - KNOV - The Netherlands

Director of Research and development:
- management
- networking
- Evaluating and feedback
Scientific advisor and guideline developer - KNOV- The Netherlands
- Writing scientific anwsers to questions from midwifes
- Renewing updating and writing clinical and multidisciplinary guidelines

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Van Ee

Dutch Patient federation – adviser patient perspective (fulltime)

Psoriasis patiens Netherlands - coördinator patient participation and research (unpaid)
- member of the central editorial staff (unpaid)
- patient-partner (unpaid).
Eupati NL - Eupati-fellow en mentor (unpaid)
IFPA – patient representative (unpaid)

 

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Kacerovsky

Professor, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Consultant in Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Most

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Inbreng patiëntenperspectief

Representation of the patient perspective

Representatives of the Dutch Patient Federation provided review comments. The comments were discussed and where relevant incorporated by the guideline development panel.

 

This guideline accounts for everyone who gives birth, even though we speak of women and her/she in the guideline.  

Implementatie

Implementation

Guideline implementation and practical applicability of the recommendations was taken into consideration during various stages of guideline development. Factors that may promote or hinder implementation of the guideline in daily practice were given specific attention.

 

The guideline is distributed digitally among all relevant professional groups. The guideline can also be downloaded from the Dutch guideline website: www.richtlijnendatabase.nl.

Werkwijze

Method

AGREE

This guideline has been developed conforming to the requirements of the report of Guidelines for Medical Specialists 3.0 by the advisory committee of the Quality Counsel. This report is based on the AGREE II instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II) (www.agreetrust.org)(Brouwers, 2010), a broadly accepted instrument in the international community and on the national quality standards for guidelines: “Guidelines for guidelines” (www.zorginstituutnederland.nl).

 

Identification of subject matter

Since this was a pilot project, the content of the questions and the support base in clinical practice was considered of less importance than the process of international collaboration and learning from each other.  The panel made an inventory of clinical questions to be addressed based on their expert opinion and their knowledge of existing guidelines. The ‘Danish national clinical guideline concerning primiparous women with dystocia (lack of progress)’ published in 2015 was also used as a source of clinical questions.

 

Clinical questions and outcomes

The guideline development panel formulated definitive clinical questions and defined relevant outcome measures (both beneficial land harmful effects). The panel rated the outcome measures as critical, important and not important. Furthermore, where applicable, the panel defined relevant clinical differences.

 

Strategy for search and selection of literature

For the separate clinical questions, specific search terms were formulated and published scientific articles were searched for in (several) electronic databases. Furthermore, studies were scrutinized by cross-referencing for other included studies. The studies with potentially the highest quality of research were searched for first. The panel members selected literature in pairs (independently of each other) based on title and abstract. A second selection was performed based on full text. The databases, search terms and selection criteria are described in the modules containing the clinical questions.

 

No definitions were available at the time of performing the search. Therefore, definitions as used in the papers were used.

 

Quality assessment of individual studies

Individual studies were systematically assessed, based on methodological quality criteria that were determined prior to the search, so that risk of bias could be estimated. This is described in the “risk of bias” tables.

 

Summary of literature

The relevant research findings of all selected articles are shown in evidence tables. The most important findings in the literature are described in literature summaries. In case there were enough similarities between studies, the study data were pooled.

 

Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations

The strength of the conclusions of the scientific publications was determined using the GRADE-method. GRADE stands for Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (see http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/).

GRADE defines four gradations for the quality of scientific evidence: high, moderate, low or very low. These gradations provide information about the amount of certainty about the literature conclusions (http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/).

 

The basic principles of the GRADE method are: formulating and prioritising clinical (patient) relevant outcome measures, a systematic review for each outcome measure, and appraisal of the evidence for each outcome measure based on the eight GRADE domains (domains for downgrading: risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias; domains for upgrading: dose-effect association, large effect, and residual plausible confounding).

 

GRADE distinguishes four levels for the quality of the scientific evidence: high, moderate, low and very low. These levels refer to the amount of certainty about the conclusion based on the literature, in particular the amount of certainty that the conclusion based on the literature adequately supports the recommendation (Schünemann, 2013; Hultcrantz, 2017).

 

GRADE

Definition

High

  • We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect.
  • it is very unlikely that adding results of large new studies will change the conclusion in a clinically relevant way.

Moderate

  • We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different;
  • it is possible that adding results of large new studies will change the conclusion in a clinically relevant way.

Low

  • Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect;
  • it is likely that adding results of large new studies will change the conclusion in a clinically relevant way.

Very low

  • We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect;
  • the conclusion based on the literature is very uncertain.

The limits of clinical decision making are very important in grading the evidence in guideline development according to the GRADE methodology (Hultcrantz, 2017). Exceedance of these limits would give rise to adaptation of the recommendation. All relevant outcome measures and considerations need to be taken into account to define the limits of clinical decision making. Therefore, the limits of clinical decision making are not one to one comparable to the minimal clinically relevant difference. In particular for interventions of low costs and without important drawbacks the limit of clinical decision making regarding the effectiveness of the intervention may be lower (i.e. closer to no effect) than the Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) (Hultcrantz, 2017).

 

Considerations (evidence to decision)

Aspects such as expertise of working group members, patient preferences, costs, availability of facilities, and organisation of healthcare aspects are important to consider when formulating a recommendation. For each clinical question, these aspects are discussed in the paragraph Considerations, using a structured format based on the evidence-to-decision framework of the international GRADE Working Group (Alonso-Coello, 2016a; Alonso-Coello, 2016b). The evidence-to-decision framework is an integral part of the GRADE methodology.

 

Formulating recommendations

Recommendations provide an answer to the primary question and are based on the best scientific evidence available and the most important considerations. The level of scientific evidence and the importance given to considerations by the working group jointly determine the strength of the recommendation. In accordance with the GRADE method, a low level of evidence for conclusions in the systematic literature review does not rule out a strong recommendation, while a high level of evidence may be accompanied by weak recommendations. The strength of the recommendation is always determined by weighing all relevant arguments.

 

Knowledge gaps

During the development of this guideline, systematic searches were conducted for research contributing to answering the primary questions. For each primary question, the working group determined whether (additional) scientific research is desirable.

 

Commentary and authorisation phase

The draft guideline was subjected to commentaries by the scientific societies and patient organisations involved. The draft guideline was also submitted to members of the European Midwives Association (EMA). The comments were collected and discussed with the working group. The feedback was used to improve the guideline; afterwards the working group made the guideline definitive. The final version of the guideline was offered for authorization to the involved scientific societies and patient organisations and was authorized or approved, respectively.

 

Legal standing of guidelines

Guidelines are not legal prescriptions but contain evidence-based insights and recommendations that care providers should meet in order to provide high quality care. As these recommendations are primarily based on ‘general evidence for optimal care for the average patient’, care providers may deviate from the guideline based on their professional autonomy when they deem it necessary for individual cases. Deviating from the guideline may even be necessary in some situations. If care providers choose to deviate from the guideline, this should be done in consultation with the patient, where relevant. Deviation from the guideline should always be justified and documented.

 

Literature

Agoritsas T, Merglen A, Heen AF, Kristiansen A, Neumann I, Brito JP, Brignardello-Petersen R, Alexander PE, Rind DM, Vandvik PO, Guyatt GH. UpToDate adherence to GRADE criteria for strong recommendations: an analytical survey. BMJ Open 2017;7:e018593.

 

Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, Moberg J, Brignardello-Petersen R, Akl EA, Davoli M, Treweek S, Mustafa RA, Rada G, Rosenbaum S, Morelli A, Guyatt GH, Oxman AD; GRADE Working Group. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 1: Introduction. BMJ 2016;353:i2016.

 

Alonso-Coello P, Oxman AD, Moberg J, Brignardello-Petersen R, Akl EA, Davoli M, Treweek S, Mustafa RA, Vandvik PO, Meerpohl J, Guyatt GH, Schünemann HJ; GRADE Working Group. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 2: Clinical practice guidelines. BMJ. 2016 Jun 30;353:i2089.

 

Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, Fervers B, Graham ID, Grimshaw J, Hanna SE, Littlejohns P, Makarski J, Zitzelsberger L; AGREE Next Steps Consortium. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010 Dec 14;182(18):E839-42.

 

Hultcrantz M, Rind D, Akl EA, Treweek S, Mustafa RA, Iorio A, Alper BS, Meerpohl JJ, Murad MH, Ansari MT, Katikireddi SV, Östlund P, Tranæus S, Christensen R, Gartlehner G, Brozek J, Izcovich A, Schünemann H, Guyatt G. The GRADE Working Group clarifies the construct of certainty of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017 Jul;87:4-13.

 

Medisch Specialistische Richtlijnen 2.0 (2012). Adviescommissie Richtlijnen van de Raad Kwalitieit. http://richtlijnendatabase.nl/over_deze_site/over_richtlijnontwikkeling.html

 

Neumann I, Santesso N, Akl EA, Rind DM, Vandvik PO, Alonso-Coello P, Agoritsas T, Mustafa RA, Alexander PE, Schünemann H, Guyatt GH. A guide for health professionals to interpret and use recommendations in guidelines developed with the GRADE approach. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 Apr;72:45-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.11.017. Epub 2016 Jan 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 26772609.

 

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, et al. GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group, 2013. Available from http://gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org/central_prod/_design/client/handbook/handbook.html.

 

Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Jaeschke R, Vist GE, Williams JW Jr, Kunz R, Craig J, Montori VM, Bossuyt P, Guyatt GH; GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies. BMJ. 2008 May 17;336(7653):1106-10. 

 

Schünemann, A Holger J [corrected to Schünemann, Holger J]. PubMed PMID: 18483053; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2386626.

Wessels M, Hielkema L, van der Weijden T. How to identify existing literature on patients' knowledge, views, and values: the development of a validated search filter. J Med Libr Assoc. 2016 Oct;104(4):320-324.

Volgende:
Duration of oxytocin augmentation