Rol van anti-epileptica bij de behandeling van gliomen
Uitgangsvraag
Wat is de (profylactische) rol van anti-epileptica bij de behandeling van patiënten met gliomen?
Aanbeveling
Bij patiënten met een glioom zonder epileptische aanvallen dienen geen profylactische anti-epileptica voorgeschreven te worden.
De werkgroep is van mening dat perioperatief profylactisch gebruik van anti-epileptica bij patiënten met een glioom niet gerechtvaardigd is.
De werkgroep is van mening dat bij patiënten met een glioom met epileptische aanvallen gekozen dient te worden voor onderhoudsbehandeling met niet-enzym-inducerende anti-epileptica.
Overwegingen
Er zijn geen studies zijn die het gebruik van een specifiek anti-epilepticum ondersteunen. Het frequent gebruik van comedicatie met potentiele interactie met anti-epileptica door patiënten met een glioom, is een reden om bij voorkeur te kiezen voor niet- enzym-inducerende anti-epileptica.
Onderbouwing
Conclusies
Hoewel epileptische insulten frequent voorkomen bij patiënten met een glioom, zijn er geen gerandomiseerde studies die de keuze voor een bepaald anti-epilepticum ondersteunen.
Het is aannemelijk dat profylactisch gebruik van fenytoïne bij patiënten die niet eerder een insult gehad hebben, niet tot significante risico-reductie leidt, wel tot ongewenste bijwerkingen.
Tremont-Lukats 2008343
Samenvatting literatuur
Het optreden van epileptische insulten bij patiënten met een glioom kan leiden tot toename van uitvalsverschijnselen en ziekenhuisopname. De incidentie van insulten bij patiënten met een laaggradig glioom varieert tussen 65-85% en bij patiënten met een hooggradig glioom tussen 30-62% in verschillende series [Van Breemen 2007349]
Onderhoudstherapie wordt gestart bij klinisch manifeste insulten. Er zijn geen vergelijkende onderzoeken naar effectiviteit en bijwerkingen van verschillende anti-epileptica bij gliomen [Kerrigan 2011170]. In kleine studies naar met name het effect van de nieuwere anti-epileptica worden vaak zeer heterogene patiëntengroepen beschreven. Bij de behandeling van epilepsie bij patiënten met een hersentumor hebben anti-epileptica die het cytochroom P450-co-enzymsysteem induceren (carbamazepine, fenobarbital, fenytoïne, oxcarbazepine en topiramaat) niet de voorkeur vanwege de interactie tussen anti-epileptica, chemotherapeutica en andere comedicatie, bijvoorbeeld dexamethason [Brodie 201333]. Het ligt daarnaast voor de hand te kiezen voor een eerste-keus middel bij de behandeling van partiële epilepsie [Vecht 2014363].
Voor een beschrijving van de beschikbare literatuur ten aanzien van individuele anti-epileptica bij neuro-oncologische patiënten wordt verwezen naar de Richtlijn Epilepsie.
De beschikbare literatuur geeft geen ondersteuning voor het profylactisch gebruik van anti-epileptica bij gliomen, terwijl er wel een verhoogd risico bestaat op het optreden van bijwerkingen [Tremont-Lukats 2008343].
Een prospectieve gerandomiseerde trial naar het gebruik van perioperatieve profylaxe met fenytoïne toont geen significante risico-reductie door het profylactisch gebruik van een adequate dosering fenytoïne in de postoperatieve periode bij patiënten met een supratentorieel glioom of metastase [Wu 2013391]. De algehele incidentie van insulten - ook in de controlegroep - was 8% in de eerste 30 dagen na operatie. De studie bleek van onvoldoende power om een significant verschil tussen de groepen te kunnen aantonen.
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Verantwoording
Autorisatiedatum en geldigheid
Laatst beoordeeld : 15-04-2015
Laatst geautoriseerd : 15-04-2015
Geplande herbeoordeling :
De geldigheid van richtlijnmodules zal bij herbeoordeling komen te vervallen wanneer nieuwe ontwikkelingen aanleiding geven om een herzieningstraject te starten. De Nederlandse Vereniging voor Neurologie is regiehouder van deze richtlijn en eindverantwoordelijke op het gebied van de actualiteitsbeoordeling van de richtlijnmodules. De andere aan deze richtlijn deelnemende wetenschappelijke verenigingen of gebruikers van de richtlijn delen de verantwoordelijkheid en informeren de regiehouder over relevante ontwikkelingen binnen hun vakgebied.
Algemene gegevens
De richtlijnontwikkeling werd ondersteund door het Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland IKNL).
Doel en doelgroep
De richtlijn gliomen geeft aanbevelingen over diagnostiek, behandeling, nazorg en organisatie van zorg bij patiënten met een glioom. De richtlijn beoogt hiermee de kwaliteit van de zorgverlening te verbeteren, het klinisch handelen meer te baseren op wetenschappelijk bewijs dan op ervaringen en meningen, de transparantie te vergroten en de diversiteit van handelen door professionals te verminderen.
De richtlijn is bestemd voor alle professionals die betrokken zijn bij de diagnostiek, behandeling en begeleiding van patiënten met een (verdenking op een) glioom. Deze zorg vereist een multidisciplinaire aanpak waarbij neuroloog, neurochirurg, radioloog, patholoog, radiotherapeut, internist-oncoloog, verpleegkundigen, verpleegkundig specialisten, klinisch neuropsychologen, huisartsen, IKNL-consulenten palliatieve zorg en het palliatief consult team betrokken kunnen zijn.
Samenstelling werkgroep
Voor de herziening van de richtlijn is in 2013 een multidisciplinaire werkgroep ingesteld, bestaande uit vertegenwoordigers van alle relevante specialismen. De werkgroepleden zijn door hun beroepsverenigingen gemandateerd voor deelname. De werkgroep is verantwoordelijk voor de integrale tekst van deze richtlijn.
Werkgroep
- Mw. dr. T. Seute, neuroloog, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, gemandateerd namens de NVN (voorzitter)
- Mw. drs. M.A.B. Bakker-van der Jagt (namens NVRO - Radiotherapeutisch Instituut Friesland)
- Mw. S. Bossmann (namens V&VN - Radboudumc Nijmegen)
- Mw. dr. J.E.C. Bromberg (namens NVN, Erasmus MC - Daniel den Hoed Oncologisch Centrum)
- Mw. dr. A.M.E. Bruynzeel (namens NVRO - VU medisch centrum)
- Dhr. dr. W.F.A. Dunnen (namens NVVP - Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen)
- Mw. drs. R.E.M. Fleischeuer (namens NVVP - Stg. Elisabeth Ziekenhuis)
- Mw. E. Gortmaker (namens V&VN - Medisch Centrum Haaglanden)
- Dhr. dr. Hendrikse (namens NVVR - Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht)
- Dhr. dr. M. Klein (namens NVN - VU medisch centrum)
- Mw. drs. J.H.F. Leemhuis (namens Leven met kanker-beweging (voorheen NFK)
- Dhr. J. Moonen (namens Leven met kanker-beweging (voorheen NFK)
- Mw. drs. S. Polman (namens NVN - Isala)
- Mw. dr. M. Smits (namens NVVR - Erasmus MC)
- Dhr. dr. A.J.P.E. Vincent (namens NVvN - Erasmus MC)
- Dhr. dr. F.Y.F.L. de Vos (namens NVMO - Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht)
- Mw. dr. A.M.E. Walenkamp (namens NVMO - Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen)
- Mw. drs. H.L. Weide (namens NVRO - Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen)
- Dhr. dr. P.C. de Witt Hamer (namens NVvN - VU Medisch Centrum)
Ondersteuning
- Mw. T.T.M. Bluemink-Holkenborg, secretaresse IKNL
- Mw. G.H. Schrier, MSc, adviseur richtlijnen IKNL, procesbegeleider
Inbreng patiëntenperspectief
Bij de ontwikkeling van deze richtlijn is tijdens alle fasen gebruik gemaakt van de input van patiënten. Twee patiëntvertegenwoordigers namen zitting in de richtlijnwerkgroep (één ervaringsdeskundige op het gebied van gliomen en één deskundige op het gebied van richtlijnontwikkeling). Deze input is nodig voor de ontwikkeling van kwalitatief goede richtlijnen. Goede zorg voldoet immers aan de wensen en eisen van zowel zorgverlener als patiënt. Door middel van onderstaande werkwijze is informatie verkregen en zijn de belangen van de patiënt meegenomen:
- Bij aanvang van het richtlijntraject hebben de patiëntvertegenwoordigers knelpunten aangeleverd. De gemandateerde patiëntvertegenwoordigers hebben in augustus 2013 ervaringen van patiënten met de zorgverlening geïnventariseerd door ervaringsdeskundigen te bevragen op een bijeenkomst van de patiëntenvereniging Cerebraal. De patiëntvertegenwoordigers waren aanwezig bij alle vergaderingen van de richtlijnwerkgroep.
- De patiëntvertegenwoordigers hebben de conceptteksten beoordeeld ten einde het patiëntenperspectief in de formulering van de definitieve tekst te optimaliseren.
- De Leven met kanker-beweging (voorheen NFK) is geconsulteerd in de landelijke commentaarronde.
Methode ontwikkeling
Evidence based
Implementatie
In de verschillende fasen van het ontwikkelproces is rekening gehouden met de implementatie van de richtlijnmodule en de praktische uitvoerbaarheid van de aanbevelingen. Daarbij is uitdrukkelijk gelet op factoren die de invoering van de module in de praktijk kunnen bevorderen of belemmeren. De implementatietabel is te vinden bij de aanverwante producten.
Werkwijze
De werkgroep is in juni 2013 voor de eerste maal bijeengekomen. Op basis van een eerste inventarisatie van de knelpunten door de werkgroepleden is door middel van een enquête onder professionals die betrokken zijn bij patiënten met gliomen een knelpunteninventarisatie gehouden. Na het versturen van de enquête hebben 101 professionals gerespondeerd en knelpunten geprioriteerd en/of ingebracht. De meest relevante knelpunten zijn uitgewerkt tot drie uitgangsvragen die evidence based zijn uitgewerkt. Voor iedere uitgangsvraag werd uit de richtlijnwerkgroep een subgroep geformeerd. Bij de evidence-based beantwoording van de drie uitgangsvragen verzorgde een externe methodoloog het literatuuronderzoek, de critical appraisal, de evidence tabellen en een concept literatuurbespreking. De werkgroepleden pasten vervolgens de conceptliteratuurbespreking en -conclusies aan en stelden overwegingen en aanbevelingen op volgens de checklist ‘overwegingen en formuleren van aanbevelingen’.
Voor de consensus-based beantwoording van de resterende uitgangsvragen raadpleegden de werkgroepleden de relevante bestaande literatuur. Op basis hiervan hebben de werkgroepleden de wetenschappelijke conclusies, overwegingen en aanbevelingen geformuleerd. Er is voor de consensus-based beantwoording geen verder systematisch literatuuronderzoek verricht.