Tweede kuur corticosteroïden
Uitgangsvraag
Wat is de waarde van toediening van een tweede kuur corticosteroïden aan een zwangere met een dreigende vroeggeboorte voor 34 weken op de neonatale uitkomsten op de korte en lange termijn?
Aanbeveling
Geef niet routinematig een rescuekuur corticosteroiden; voor een optimale uitkomst van de zwangerschap is een goede selectie en timing van de eerste kuur corticosteroïden essentieel.
Overweeg en bespreek een rescuekuur corticosteroïden bij een hernieuwde sterke verdenking op vroeggeboorte voor 32 weken, indien een partus verwacht wordt binnen 48 hr en de eerste kuur corticosteroïden meer dan 14 dagen geleden gegeven is.
Overwegingen
Voor- en nadelen van de interventie en de kwaliteit van het bewijs
In de literatuuranalyse werd onderzocht wat de waarde is van toediening van een tweede kuur corticosteroïden aan een zwangere met een dreigende vroeggeboorte op de neonatale uitkomsten op de korte en lange termijn. Er werden vier RCT’s gevonden (Garite, 2009; McEvoy, 2010; Peltoniemi 2007; Porecco, 2023). Het was niet mogelijk om een subgroep analyse uit te voeren voor kinderen met een normale groei versus groeivertraagde kinderen. Echter werd er wel een subgroep analyse uitgevoerd over de timing van toediening van een tweede kuur corticosteroïden: ³7 dagen of ³14 dagen na de eerste kuur. Peltoniemi (2007) en Porecco (2023) gaven een tweede kuur minimaal 7 dagen na de eerste kuur en Garite (2009) en McEvoy (2010) gaven een tweede kuur minimaal 14 dagen na de eerste kuur.
Ten minste 7 dagen na eerste kuur
De bewijskracht voor de cruciale uitkomstmaat ‘neonatale mortaliteit’ werd beoordeeld als zeer laag vanwege tegenstrijdige resultaten en spreiding in de richting van het effect. De bewijskracht voor de belangrijke uitkomstmaat ‘neonatale sepsis’ was laag vanwege spreiding in de richting van het effect. Een tweede kuur corticosteroïden ten minste 7 dagen na de eerste kuur lijkt te resulteren in een toename van neonatale sepsis ten opzichte van een enkele kuur. Voor de cruciale uitkomstmaat ‘overleving zonder neurologische ontwikkelingsstoornissen’ werd geen bewijs gevonden. Dit leidt tot een zeer lage overall bewijskracht. Dit betekent dat andere studies kunnen leiden tot nieuwe inzichten. Er kunnen op basis van alleen de literatuur geen sterke aanbevelingen geformuleerd worden over de waarde van toediening van een tweede kuur corticosteroïden ten minste 7 dagen na een eerste kuur bij een zwangere met een dreigende vroeggeboorte.
Ten minste 14 dagen na eerste kuur
De bewijskracht voor de cruciale uitkomstmaat ‘neonatale mortaliteit’ werd beoordeeld als zeer laag vanwege tegenstrijdige resultaten en spreiding in de richting van het effect. De bewijskracht voor de belangrijke uitkomstmaat ‘respiratory distress syndrome’, werd beoordeeld als laag vanwege spreiding in de richting van het effect. Een tweede kuur corticosteroïden ten minste 14 dagen na de eerste kuur lijkt te resulteren in een vermindering in respiratory distress syndrome. Voor de cruciale uitkomstmaat ‘overleving zonder neurologische ontwikkelingsstoornissen’ werd geen bewijs gevonden. Dit leidt tot een zeer lage overall bewijskracht. Dit betekent dat andere studies kunnen leiden tot nieuwe inzichten. Er kunnen op basis van alleen de literatuur geen sterke aanbevelingen geformuleerd worden over de waarde van toediening van een tweede kuur corticosteroïden ten minste 14 dagen na een eerste kuur bij een zwangere met een dreigende vroeggeboorte.
Bovengenoemde studies zijn specifiek voor 1 herhaalde kuur antenatale corticosteroïden oftewel een rescuekuur. Een rescuekuur wordt gegeven als na de eerste kuur corticosteroïden de vroeggeboorte niet heeft doorgezet, maar de patiënte vervolgens opnieuw symptomatisch wordt en vroeggeboorte dreigt. Het aantal studies is zeer beperkt en langere termijn studies ontbreken in het geheel. Er zijn wel meer studies gedaan naar meerdere herhalingskuren antenatale corticosteroïden, die samengevat en geanalyseerd zijn in een Cochrane review van Walters in 2022 en een individuele participant data meta-analysis van Crowther in 2019. Samenvattend laten deze analyses zien dat herhaalde kuren antenatale corticosteroïden mogelijk korte termijn voordelen bieden met betrekking tot minder RDS, minder “composite of serious infants outcomes” en minder BPD, maar het heeft geen effect op perinatale sterfte, IVH en NEC. Het aantal follow-up studies naar de lange termijn neurologisch uitkomsten is beperkt en laat overall geen duidelijk gunstig of nadelig effect zien. Er worden wel zorgen geuit over het negatieve effect van (herhaalde) antenatale corticosteroïden op geboortegewicht en schedelomtrek, die daaropvolgend weer gerelateerd zijn aan een minder gunstige neurologische ontwikkeling (Crowther, 2019; Murphy, 2008). Die relatie is dosisafhankelijk en daarmee ook afhankelijk van het aantal herhalingskuren. Ook het optreden van neonatale hypoglycemiën is verhoogd na antenatale corticosteroïden, met name als de neonaat geboren wordt binnen 24-48hr na de corticosteroïden gift.
Uit een grote cohortstudie uit Finland van 670.000 schoolgaande kinderen, die aterme geboren zijn, bleek dat de kinderen die blootgesteld waren aan antenatale corticosteroïden vaker gedragsproblematiek en psychiatrische stoornissen hadden in vergelijking met een controle groep (8.9 vs 6.3%; HR 1.47 (95% CI 1.36-1.69)) (Räikkönen, 2020). Ook een recente meta-analyse van Ninan 2022 laat een vergelijkbaar risico zien. Kinderen die blootgesteld zijn aan herhaalde kuren antenatale corticosteroïden maar niet prematuur geboren worden laten een verhoogde kans op sterfte en/of ontwikkelingsstoornissen zien t.o.v. kinderen die niet aan herhaalde kuren corticosteroïden werden blootgesteld (Aszatalos, 2013; Crowther,2016; Crowther, 2019). Aszatalos 2013 rapporteert zelfs 70% meer kans op ontwikkelingsstoornissen in de groep die prematuur corticosteroïden toegediend hebben gekregen en uiteindelijke aterme zijn geboren.
Er is voldoende evidence dat de eerste kuur corticosteroïden bij dreigende vroeggeboorte voor 34 weken leidt tot minder perinatale/neonatale sterfte en respiratoire morbiditeit bij de neonaat. Na 34 weken zijn de verschillen verdwenen en leidt het wel tot meer neonatale hypoglykemie (McGoldrick, 2020).
Vanuit de literatuur is er geen studie beschikbaar die onderzocht heeft waar het omslagpunt zit in de amenorroeduur waarop de potentiële voordelen niet langer opwegen tegen de potentiële nadelen van 1 rescuekuur (o.a. lange termijn effecten op neurologische ontwikkeling). Vanwege gebrek aan dit bewijs is de werkgroep van mening dat de potentiële voordelen vanaf 32 weken niet meer opwegen tegen de potentiële nadelen waardoor de werkgroep heeft besloten om de amenorroeduur op 32 weken te stellen tot waar je een rescuekuur kan overwegen.
Op basis van de subgroepanalyse waarbij de timing van de rescuekuur tenminste 7 dagen na de eerste kuur is vergeleken met tenminste 14 dagen na de eerste kuur lijkt er een voorkeur te zijn om de kuur na 14 dagen te herhalen vanwege een verminderde kans op RDS en neonatale sepsis.
In de studie van Garite 2009 lijkt het effect van een rescuekuur op de neonatale composite morbidity het laagste als patiënten 2-7 dagen na de rescuekuur bevallen (39.3 % vs 69.8%) en dit effect neemt af in de loop van de weken na de gift en verdwijnt als de neonaat wordt geboren na 34 weken ammenorroeduur. Derhalve is het ook van belang om de timing van de rescuekuur zorgvuldig af te wegen. Ninan (2023) laat zelfs zien dat 40% van de neonaten die bloot gesteld zijn aan corticosteroiden a terme geboren wordt.
Vanuit de literatuur zijn er geen aanwijzingen dat het geven van corticosteroïden de kans op een neonatale sepsis en necrotiserende enterocolitis infectie verhoogd (WHO 2015; McGoldrick, 2020). Een rescuekuur bij patiënten met PPROM lijkt ook veilig. Uit een meta-analyse van 17 RCT’s (Magann, 2017) blijkt dat de kans op RDS verlaagt indien corticosteroïden gegeven worden, maar de kans op neonatale sterfte vergelijkbaar is met de controle groep.
Samenvattend, herhaalde kuren antentale corticosteroïden hebben mogelijk enige gunstige effecten op de korte termijn, m.n. op RDS. Studies naar de lange termijn effecten zijn er beperkt, maar lijken vooralsnog geen positieve (maar ook geen negatieve) aspecten te laten zien. Er zijn wel zorgen over dosis-gerelateerde negatieve effecten op geboortegewicht, neonatale hypglycaemiën en lange termijn metabole gevolgen. Derhalve wordt meer dan 2 kuren corticosteroïden afgeraden. Als het kind niet prematuur geboren wordt, dan zijn er geen positieve korte termijn effecten, maar mogelijk wel negatieve effecten op de neurologische ontwikkeling, o.a. ontwikkelingsstoornissen en psychologische problematiek. De groep kinderen die corticosteroïden hebben gehad en daadwerkelijk prematuur zijn geboren hebben deze problematiek niet.
De selectie en timing van de eerste kuur corticosteroïden is derhalve essentieel voor een optimale uitkomst van de zwangerschap. Een tweede (herhalings)kuur, oftewel rescuekuur corticosteroïden, dient alleen gegeven te worden indien er een persisterende of een 2de episode van dreigende vroeggeboorte is voor een amenorroeduur van 32 weken en de eerste kuur tenminste 14 dagen geleden is gegeven. Indien de kans op een bevalling binnen de daaropvolgende 2 tot 7 dagen sterk verhoogd is, zijn er aanwijzingen dat een rescuekuur de kans op RDS verlaagd.
Waarden en voorkeuren van patiënten (en evt. hun verzorgers)
Indien de patiënte > 14 dagen na de eerste corticosteroïdenkuur een persisterende dreiging op een vroeggeboorte of een hernieuwde episode van dreigende vroeggeboorte heeft voor 32 weken, dient de patiënte gecounseld te worden over de voor- en nadelen van een rescuekuur. De voordelen van een rescuekuur zijn m.n. korte termijn voordelen o.a. de verlaging op de kans op RDS, BPD en daarmee minder noodzaak tot behandeling met surfactant en (langdurige) beademing. De timing van de rescuekuur is daarbij belangrijk, omdat met name de neonaten die 2 tot 7 dagen na de kuur geboren worden, de laagste kans op RDS hebben. Dit korte termijn voordeel wordt daarna minder naarmate de kuur langer geleden is.
De lange termijn effecten, o.a. de neurologische ontwikkeling op een leeftijd van 2 jaar is na een rescuekuur vergelijkbaar met leeftijdsgenoten die geen rescuekuur hebben gehad indien het kind prematuur geboren is. Als het kind aterme geboren wordt, zijn er geen positieve korte termijn effecten, maar mogelijk wel negatieve effecten op de ontwikkeling en vaker psychologische problematiek op latere leeftijd. Bij welke amenorroeduur de voordelen niet meer opwegen tegen de potentiële nadelen is onbekend. Voor de zwangere zelf zijn er geen grote nadelen behoudens een verhoogde kans op hyperglykemie bij patiënten met diabetes (gravidarum), waarvoor de glucose controles en z.n. het bijspuitschema van de insuline kortdurend aangepast moet worden.
Kosten (middelenbeslag)
Er is geen kosten-baten analyse beschikbaar. Echter, door het toedienen van een rescuekuur corticosteroïden worden de korte termijn risico’s verlaagd, m.n. de kans op een RDS, de noodzaak tot het geven van surfactant verlaagd en de duur van beademing verkort. Hierdoor zou de NICU-opname korter kunnen zijn waardoor de zorgkosten lager zijn.
Aanvaardbaarheid, haalbaarheid en implementatie
Gezien de huidige richtlijn een rescuekuur aanbeveelt om bij hernieuwde dreiging van vroeggeboorte voor 32 weken en de eerste kuur meer dan 10-14 dagen geleden is en voor 30 weken gegeven is, verwacht de werkgroep geen problemen bij implementatie.
Rationale van de aanbeveling: weging van argumenten voor en tegen de interventies
Een rescuekuur corticosteroïden na 14 dagen bij hernieuwde of persisterende dreigende vroeggeboorte verlaagt m.n. de kans op RDS. Het toedienen van een rescuekuur leidt niet tot minder neonatale sterfte en ook de overige neonatale risico’s nemen niet af.
Een rescuekuur corticosteroïden 7 dagen na de eerste kuur leidt niet tot vermindering van de RDS en leidt mogelijk zelfs to meer neonatale sepsis, daarom dient een rescuekuur niet binnen 14 dagen gegeven te worden. Wanneer de neonaat niet prematuur geboren wordt maar aterme, wordt de kans op neurologische ontwikkelingsstoornissen en psychologische klachten op latere leeftijd hoger. Derhalve is het van groot belang dat de rescuekuur alleen gegeven wordt aan de patiënte die een hoog risico heeft op een premature partus binnen 48 hr (tot maximaal 7 dagen), dat wil zeggen indien er sprake is van prematuur gebroken vliezen, een cervixlengte < 15 mm of indien de cervixlengte tussen 15 en 30 mm is en tevens de PAMG-1 test of de phlGFBP-1 test positief is. (zie hiervoor de uitgangsvraag prognostische factoren).
Onderbouwing
Achtergrond
If there is a risk of premature birth before 34 weeks, a course of antenatal corticosteroids is administered. This has a beneficial effect on perinatal outcomes such as survival, degree of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The guideline in 2012 recommend one rescue course of corticosteroids for women who remain at risk for a preterm delivery fourteen or more days after receiving an initial course of corticosteroids before 30 weeks, and a second period of threatened premature birth occurs before 33 weeks. However, there is no clarity about the balance between the possible (respiratory) short-term benefits and long-term (neurological development) disadvantages for the child after a repeated course of antenatal steroids.
Conclusies / Summary of Findings
At least 7 days after first corticosteroids course
|
Very low GRADE |
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on neonatal mortality when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Peltoniemi, 2007; Porecco, 2023 |
|
Low GRADE |
The evidence suggests that a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids results in an increase in neonatal sepsis when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Peltoniemi, 2007; Porecco, 2023 |
|
Very low GRADE |
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on the composite outcome of neonatal morbidity and mortality when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Porecco, 2023 |
|
Low GRADE |
The evidence suggests that a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids results in little to no difference in respiratory distress syndrome when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Peltoniemi, 2007; Porecco, 2023 |
|
Low GRADE |
The evidence suggests that a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids results in little to no difference in intraventricular hemorrhage when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Peltoniemi, 2007; Porecco, 2023 |
|
Very low GRADE |
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on periventricular leukomalacia when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Peltoniemi, 2007; Porecco, 2023 |
|
No GRADE |
No evidence was found regarding the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on hypoglycemia when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks. |
|
No GRADE |
No evidence was found regarding the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on survival without neurodevelopmental impairment when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks. |
At least 14 days after first corticosteroids course
|
Very low GRADE |
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on neonatal mortality when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Garite, 2009; McEvoy, 2010 |
|
Very low GRADE |
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on neonatal sepsis when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Garite, 2009 |
|
Very low GRADE |
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on the composite outcome of neonatal morbidity and mortality when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Garite, 2009 |
|
Low GRADE |
The evidence suggests that a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids results in a reduction in respiratory distress syndrome when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Garite, 2009; McEvoy, 2010 |
|
Very low GRADE |
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on intraventricular hemorrhage when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Garite, 2009 |
|
Very low GRADE |
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on periventricular leukomalacia when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks.
Source: Garite, 2009 |
|
No GRADE |
No evidence was found regarding the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on hypoglycemia when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks. |
|
No GRADE |
No evidence was found regarding the effect of a repeated targeted course of corticosteroids on survival without neurodevelopmental impairment when compared with no repeated course in pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks. |
Samenvatting literatuur
Description of studies
The Cochrane review conducted by Walters (2022) aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of a repeat dose(s) of corticosteroids in women who remain at risk for a preterm delivery seven or more days after receiving an initial course of corticosteroids. The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and reference lists were searched for randomized controlled trials (and cluster-randomized trials) on 27 January 2021. Quasi-randomized trials were excluded. Studies were included if they compared a repeat dose(s) of corticosteroids with a single course of corticosteroids with or without additional placebo administration. Eleven studies were included in this review with 4895 women and 5975 newborns, but eight of these were excluded from our analysis because women received more than one repeat course of corticosteroids (table 1). Three studies assessed the effect of a single repeat course of corticosteroids either 7 days (Peltoniemi, 2007) or 14 days (Garite, 2009; McEvoy, 2010) after the first course of corticosteroids.
Table 1. Studies included in Walters 2022.
|
Study |
Course of corticosteroids |
In/exclusion in analysis |
|
Aghajafari, 2002 |
Weekly course of betamethasone (two doses of 12 mg/dose intramuscularly, 24 hours apart) until 33 weeks or birth if the woman remained at increased risk of preterm birth |
Exclude: more than one repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
Crowther, 2006 |
Single intramuscular injection of betamethasone 11.4 mg containing betamethasone sodium phosphate 7.8 mg and betamethasone acetate 6 mg, repeated weekly if the woman remained undelivered, less than 32 weeks' gestation and the responsible clinician regarded her as at continued risk of preterm birth |
Exclude: more than one repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
Garite, 2009 |
Single course consisting of two doses of betamethasone 12 mg, intramuscularly, 24 hours apart (preparation not specified) |
Include: single repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
Guinn, 2001 |
Weekly course of betamethasone (two doses of 12 mg/dose, intramuscularly 24 hours apart) until 34 weeks or birth, whichever came first |
Exclude: more than one repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
Mazumder, 2008 |
Betamethasone 12 mg intramuscularly, two doses, 24 hours apart until the end of the 33rd week of gestation |
Exclude: more than one repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
McEvoy, 2002 |
Weekly course of betamethasone (two doses of 12 mg/dose, intramuscularly, until 34 weeks or birth |
Exclude: more than one repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
McEvoy, 2010 |
Single course of two doses of betamethasone 12 mg/dose, intramuscularly, 24 hours apart |
Include: single repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
Murphy, 2008 |
Betamethasone (two doses of 12 mg/dose as betamethasone sodium phosphate 6 mg and betamethasone acetate 6 mg), intramuscularly, 24 hours apart, every 14 days (if the woman remained at risk of preterm birth after their first course of study treatment) until 33 weeks' gestation or birth. For women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes, it was recommended that treatment stop at 32 weeks' gestation |
Exclude: more than one repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
Peltoniemi, 2007 |
Single intramuscular injection of betamethasone 12 mg (preparation not specified) |
Include: single repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
TEAMS, 1999 |
Weekly course of betamethasone (two doses of 12 mg given 12 or 24 hours apart) but allowed for a dosing interval of up to 14 days depending on local protocols |
Exclude: more than one repeated course of corticosteroids |
|
Wapner, 2006 |
Weekly course of betamethasone (two doses of 12 mg as betamethasone sodium phosphate 6 mg and betamethasone acetate 6 mg, intramuscularly in 24 hours) until birth or 33 weeks and six days, limited to four repeat courses after the first 67 women |
Exclude: more than one repeated course of corticosteroids |
At least 7 days after first corticosteroids course
Peltoniemi (2007) performed a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether a single additional dose of betamethasone would improve the proportion of infants surviving without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Women with an imminent preterm birth before 34 weeks of pregnancy who had received a single course of betamethasone ³ 7 days before trial entry and were to have elective delivery within 48 hours or were at very high risk of spontaneous delivery within 48 hours (cervical opening ³3 cm, and regular contractions at 5- to 10-minute intervals) were included. Exclusion criteria were maternal long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy, clinical chorioamnionitis (maternal fever, uterine tenderness, foul-smelling amniotic fluid, and leukocytosis), or lethal disease of the fetus. In total, 125 women received one dosage of 12 mg betamethasone intramuscularly and 124 women received a placebo consisting of isotonic saline intramuscularly. Groups were comparable at baseline, except for maternal age. Women who received betamethasone were older. Outcomes of interest were neonatal mortality, sepsis, RDS, IVH and periventricular leukomalacia.
Porecco (2023) performed a multicenter, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial to determine if a single booster course of antenatal corticosteroids will decrease neonatal complications. Women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), an initial course of antenatal corticosteroids given at least 7 days before randomization, maternal age ³ 18 years, gestational age between 24 weeks 0 days to 32 weeks 6 days, singleton pregnancy, and planned expectant management were included. Exclusion criteria were known major fetal anomalies, clinical chorioamnionitis (2 or more of the following findings: maternal temperature ≥38.0°C, uterine tenderness, foul smelling vaginal drainage, maternal tachycardia >100 bpm, fetal tachycardia >160 bpm, maternal white blood count ≥20,000/mm3, maternal C-reactive protein ≥5.9 mg/dL), use of corticosteroids for other indications, any contraindication to corticosteroids, or any contraindication to expectant management (e.g., suspected intraamniotic infection, active preterm labor, non-reassuring fetal heart rate tracing, fetal death, preeclampsia, bleeding, or documented fetal lung maturity). In total, 94 women received betamethasone (2 dosages of 12 mg betamethasone intramuscularly 24 hours apart) and 100 women received placebo (normal saline). Groups were comparable at baseline, expect that women who received placebo were more likely to have been married. Outcomes of interest were the composite outcome of neonatal mortality and morbidity (respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) grade III or IV, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis or neonatal death), neonatal mortality, sepsis, RDS, IVH, and PVL.
At least 14 days after first corticosteroids course
Garite (2009) performed a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to determine the impact of a rescue course of antenatal steroids on the incidence of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Women with singleton or twin pregnancies with intact membranes at 25 to 32+6 weeks, judged to have a recurrent or continued threat of preterm delivery
within the next 7 days, and who initiated their first course of betamethasone at least 14 days before enrollment and before 30 weeks’ gestation were included. Exclusion criteria were women with known major fetal anomalies, high-order multiple gestation (³ triplets),
cervical dilation ³ 5 cm, ruptured membranes, clinical chorioamnionitis, documented lung maturity, receiving corticosteroids for other maternal indications, and with human immunodeficiency virus or active tuberculosis. In total, 223 women received a repeated course of betamethasone 12 mg intramuscularly (2 doses given 24 hour apart) and 214 women received a placebo. Groups were similar at baseline. Outcomes of interest were composite outcome of neonatal mortality and morbidity (respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade III or IV), periventricular leukomalacia, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, or perinatal death (stillbirth or death before neonatal hospital discharge)), perinatal death, sepsis, and RDS.
McEvoy (2010) performed a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. Women between 26 and 34 weeks of gestation at least 14 days after first course of antenatal steroids that continued risk of preterm delivery as determined by their care provider and provided informed consent were included. Exclusion criteria were multiple gestations greater than twins, insulin dependent diabetes, clinical chorioamnionitis, major documented
fetal or chromosomal abnormalities, first course of antenatal steroids given at 24 weeks of gestation, and chronic steroid use during pregnancy for clinical care. In total, 44 women received rescue antenatal steroids consisting of two 12 mg intramuscular injections of betamethasone 24 hours apart and 41 women received a placebo consisting of 25 mg cortisone acetate (inactive steroid). Groups were comparable at baseline, except for significantly more smokers in the rescue dose group. Outcomes of interest were neonatal mortality and respiratory distress syndrome.
Results
At least 7 days after first corticosteroids course
1. Neonatal death
Two studies reported about neonatal death for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course (figure 1).
Peltoniemi (2007) reported that 8 of the 159 infants (5%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids died as compared to 3 of the 167 infants (2%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=2.80, 95%CI 0.76 to 10.37).
Porecco (2023) reported that 2 of the 94 infants (2%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids died as compared to 4 of the 98 infants (4%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.52, 95%CI 0.10 to 2.78).
These data were not pooled as the agreement is to start pooling when including at least three studies. Figure 1 shows that there is probably no clinically relevant difference in neonatal death between a repeated course (after at least 7 days after the first course) and single course of corticosteroids.
Figure 1. Neonatal death for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course.
2. Neonatal sepsis
Two studies reported about neonatal sepsis for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course (figure 2).
Peltoniemi (2007) reported that 24 of the 159 infants (15%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had sepsis as compared to 19 of the 167 infants (11%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=1.33, 95%CI 0.76 to 2.33).
Porecco (2023) reported that 5 of the 94 infants (5%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had sepsis as compared to 3 of the 98 infants (3%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=1.74, 95%CI 0.43 to 7.07).
These data were not pooled as the agreement is to start pooling when including at least three studies. Figure 2 shows that there is probably no clinically relevant difference in neonatal sepsis between a repeated course (after at least 7 days after the first course) and single course of corticosteroids.
Figure 2. Neonatal sepsis for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course.
3. Composite outcome of neonatal morbidity and mortality
Porreco (2023) reported the composite morbidity defined as ³1 of the following:
RDS, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia, culture-proven sepsis, NEC, or neonatal death. Sixty of the 94 infants (64%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids were positive for this composite outcome as compared to 65 of the 98 infants (66%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.96, 95%CI 0.78 to 1.18).
4. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Two studies reported about RDS for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course (figure 3).
Peltoniemi (2007) reported that 82 of the 159 infants (52%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had RDS as compared to 80 of the 167 infants (48%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=1.08, 95%CI 0.87 to 1.34).
Porreco (2023) reported that 57 of the 94 infants (61%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had RDS as compared to 63 of the 98 infants (64%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.94, 95%CI 0.76 to 1.18).
These data were not pooled as the agreement is to start pooling when including at least three studies. Figure 3 shows that there is probably no clinically relevant difference in RDS between a repeated course (after at least 7 days after the first course) and single course of corticosteroids.
Figure 3. RDS for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course.
5. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
Two studies reported about IVH for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course (figure 4).
Peltoniemi (2007) reported that 31 of the 159 infants (20%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had IVH as compared to 27 of the 167 infants (17%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=1.21, 95%CI 0.76 to 1.93).
Porecco (2023) reported that 4 of the 94 infants (4%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had IVH as compared to 3 of the 98 infants (3%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=1.39, 95%CI 0.32 to 6.05).
These data were not pooled as the agreement is to start pooling when including at least three studies. Figure 4 shows that there is probably no clinically relevant difference in IVH between a repeated course (after at least 7 days after the first course) and single course of corticosteroids.
Figure 4. IVH for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course.
6. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
Two studies reported about PVL for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course (figure 5).
Peltoniemi (2007) reported that 2 of the 159 infants (1%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had PVL, while this did not occur in infants whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids.
Porreco (2023) reported that 1 of the 98 infants (1%) whose mother received a single course of antenatal corticosteroids had PVL, while this did not occur in infants whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids.
These data were not pooled as the agreement is to start pooling when including at least three studies. Figure 5 shows that there is probably no clinically relevant difference in IVH between a repeated course (after at least 7 days after the first course) and single course of corticosteroids.
Figure 5. PVL for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 7 days after the first course.
7. Hypoglycemia
Not reported.
8. Survival without neurodevelopmental impairment
Not reported.
At least 14 days after first corticosteroids course
1. Neonatal mortality
Two studies reported about neonatal mortality for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 14 days after the first course (figure 6).
Garite (2009) reported perinatal death, defined as stillbirth or death before neonatal hospital discharge. Five of the 276 infants (1.8%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids died as compared to 7 of the 282 infants (2.5%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.73, 95%CI 0.23 to 2.27).
McEvoy (2010) reported neonatal survival. One of the 56 infants (2%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids died, while no deaths occurred in infants whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=3.00, 95%CI 0.12 to 72.10).
These data were not pooled as the agreement is to start pooling when including at least three studies. Figure 6 shows that there is probably no clinically relevant difference in neonatal death between a repeated course (after at least 14 days after the first course) and single course of corticosteroids.
Figure 6. Neonatal death for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 14 days after the first course.
2. Neonatal sepsis
Garite (2009) reported that 7 of the 275 infants (2.6%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had sepsis as compared to 12 of the 288 infants (4.3%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.61, 95%CI 0.24 to 1.53).
3. Composite outcome of neonatal morbidity and mortality
Garite (2009) reported the composite morbidity defined as ³1 of the following: RDS (oxygen requirement, clinical diagnosis, and consistent chest radiograph), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (requirement for oxygen support at 30 days of life), severe IVH (grades III or IV), periventricular leukomalacia, blood culture-proven sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, or perinatal death (stillbirth or death before neonatal hospital discharge). Eighty-eight of the 276 infants (32.1%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids were positive for this composite outcome as compared to 120 of the 282 infants (42.6%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.75, 95%CI 0.60 to 0.93).
4. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Two studies reported about RDS for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 14 days after the first course (figure 7).
Garite (2009) reported that 83 of the 275 infants (30.2%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had RDS as compared to 116 of the 281 infants (41.3%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.73, 95%CI 0.58 to 0.92).
McEvoy (2010) reported that 15 of the 56 infants (27%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had RDS as compared to 23 of the 56 infants (41%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.65, 95%CI 0.38 to 1.11).
These data were not pooled as the agreement is to start pooling when including at least three studies. Figure 7 shows that there is probably no clinically relevant difference in RDS between a repeated course (after at least 7 days after the first course) and single course of corticosteroids.
Figure 7. RDS for treatment with a repeated course of corticosteroids after at least 14 days after the first course.
5. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
Garite (2009) reported that 19 of the 272 infants (7.0%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had IVH as compared to 25 of the 274 infants (9.1%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.77, 95%CI 0.43 to 1.36).
6. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
Garite (2009) reported that 3 of the 269 infants (1.1%) whose mother received a repeated course of antenatal corticosteroids had PVL as compared to 4 of the 272 infants (1.5%) whose mother received only a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (RR=0.76, 95%CI 0.17 to 3.36).
7. Hypoglycemia
Not reported.
8. Survival without neurodevelopmental impairment
Not reported.
Level of evidence of the literature
According to GRADE, the level of evidence of randomized controlled trials start high.
At least 7 days after first corticosteroids course
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure neonatal mortality was downgraded by three levels to very low because of conflicting results (-1, inconsistency) and the 95% confidence interval crossed both lines of no (clinically relevant) effect (-2, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure neonatal sepsis was downgraded by two levels to low because the 95% confidence interval crossed both lines of no (clinically relevant) effect (-2, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure composite outcome of neonatal morbidity and mortality was downgraded by three levels to very low because the 95% confidence interval crossed the line of no (clinically relevant) effect and the optimal information size was not achieved (-3, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure respiratory distress syndrome was downgraded by two levels to low because of conflicting results (-1, inconsistency) and the 95% confidence interval crossed the line of no (clinically relevant) effect (-1, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure intraventricular hemorrhage was downgraded by two levels to low because the 95% confidence interval crossed both lines of no (clinically relevant) effect (-2, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure periventricular leukomalacia was downgraded by three levels to very low because of conflicting results (-1, inconsistency) and the optimal information size was not achieved (-2, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure hypoglycemia and survival without neurodevelopmental impairment could not be assessed with GRADE as these outcome measures were not studied in the included studies.
At least 14 days after first corticosteroids course
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure neonatal mortality was downgraded by three levels to very low because of conflicting results (-1, inconsistency) and the 95% confidence interval crossed both lines of no (clinically relevant) effect (-2, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure neonatal sepsis was downgraded by three levels to very low because the 95% confidence interval crossed both lines of no (clinically relevant) effect and the optimal information size was not achieved (-3, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure composite outcome of neonatal morbidity and mortality was downgraded by three levels to very low because the 95% confidence interval crossed the line of no (clinically relevant) effect and the optimal information size was not achieved (-3, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure respiratory distress syndrome was downgraded by two levels to low because the 95% confidence interval crossed the line of no (clinically relevant) effect and the optimal information size was not achieved (-2, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure intraventricular hemorrhage was downgraded by three levels to very low because the 95% confidence interval crossed both lines of no (clinically relevant) effect and the optimal information size was not achieved (-3, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure periventricular leukomalacia was downgraded by three levels to very low because the 95% confidence interval crossed both lines of no (clinically relevant) effect and the optimal information size was not achieved (-3, imprecision).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure hypoglycemia and survival without neurodevelopmental impairment could not be assessed with GRADE as these outcome measures were not studied in the included studies.
Zoeken en selecteren
A systematic review of the literature was performed to answer the following question:
What are the (un)beneficial effects of giving a repeated course of corticosteroids to pregnant women with threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks compared with no repeated course of corticosteroids on the morbidity and mortality of the child?
| P: | pregnant women with a recurrent threatened preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks regardless of indication (subgroup analysis: children with normal growth versus fetal growth restriction). |
| I: | repeated targeted course of corticosteroids [one targeted 'rescue' course consisting of 2 doses given with an interval of 24 hours]. |
| C: | no repeated course of corticosteroids. |
| O: |
= short term: neonatal mortality, neonatal sepsis, composite outcome of neonatal morbidity and mortality (respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, proven neonatal sepsis, neonatal death), RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), IVH (intraventricular hemorrhage), PVL (periventricular leukomalacia), hypoglycemia = long term: survival without neurodevelopmental impairment. |
Relevant outcome measures
The guideline development group considered neonatal mortality and survival without neurodevelopmental impairment as critical outcome measures for decision making; and neonatal sepsis, composite outcome of neonatal morbidity and mortality, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and hypoglycemia as important outcome measures for decision making.
A priori, the working group did not define the outcome measures listed above but used the definitions used in the studies.
The working group defined a 1% difference for neonatal death (RR < 0.99 or > 1.01) and a 10% difference for survival without neurodevelopmental impairment (RR <0.90 to >1.10) as a minimal clinically (patient) important difference. For the other outcomes, a 25% difference for dichotomous outcomes (RR < 0.8 or > 1.25) and 0.5 SD for continuous outcomes was taken as minimal clinically (patient) important difference.
Search and select (Methods)
The databases Medline (via OVID) and Embase (via Embase.com) were searched with relevant search terms from 2010 until 1st of May, 2023. The detailed search strategy is depicted under the tab Methods. The systematic literature search resulted in 231 hits.
Studies were selected based on the following criteria:
- Systematic review (searched in at least two databases, and detailed search strategy, risk of bias assessment and results of individual studies available), randomized controlled trial, or observational studies comparing a repeated course of corticosteroids with no repeated course;
- The study population had to meet the criteria as defined in the PICO; and
- Full-text English language publication.
Sixty-three studies were initially selected based on title and abstract screening. After reading the full text, 61 studies were excluded (see the table with reasons for exclusion under the tab Methods), and two studies were included. The Cochrane review of Walters 2022 and the randomized controlled trial of Porecco 2023 (which was published after the search date of Walters 2022) were included. The review of Walters 2022 included also studies about more than one repeat course of corticosteroids, and therefore only three randomized controlled trials about one repeated course were selected for the literature analysis (Garite, 2009; McEvoy, 2010; Peltoniemi 2007).
Results
The three randomized controlled trials included in the Cochrane review of Walters 2022 and the randomized controlled trial of Porecco 2023 were included in the analysis of the literature. Important study characteristics and results are summarized in the evidence tables. The assessment of the risk of bias is summarized in the risk of bias tables. No subgroup analysis comparing children with normal growth versus fetal growth restriction could be performed. However, a subgroup analysis was performed based on the timing of the second course of corticosteroids: ³7 days or ³14 days after first corticosteroids course.
Referenties
- Asztalos EV, Murphy KE, Willan AR, Matthews SG, Ohlsson A, Saigal S, Armson BA, Kelly EN, Delisle MF, Gafni A, Lee SK, Sananes R, Rovet J, Guselle P, Amankwah K, Saleem M, Sanchez J; MACS-5 Collaborative Group. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth study: outcomes in children at 5 years of age (MACS-5). JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Dec;167(12):1102-10. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2764. PMID: 24126948.
- Crowther CA, Harding JE. Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD003935. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD003935. PMID: 17636741.
- Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M, Askie L, Zhang S, Martlow TK, Aghajafari F, Asztalos EV, Brocklehurst P, Dutta S, Garite TJ, Guinn DA, Hallman M, Hardy P, Lee MJ, Maurel K, Mazumder P, McEvoy C, Murphy KE, Peltoniemi OM, Thom EA, Wapner RJ, Doyle LW; PRECISE Group. Effects of repeat prenatal corticosteroids given to women at risk of preterm birth: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019 Apr 12;16(4):e1002771. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002771. PMID: 30978205; PMCID: PMC6461224.
- Garite TJ, Kurtzman J, Maurel K, Clark R; Obstetrix Collaborative Research Network. Impact of a 'rescue course' of antenatal corticosteroids: a multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Mar;200(3):248.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.01.021. Erratum in: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Oct;201(4):428. PMID: 19254583.
- Magann EF, Haram K, Ounpraseuth S, Mortensen JH, Spencer HJ, Morrison JC. Use of antenatal corticosteroids in special circumstances: a comprehensive review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017 Apr;96(4):395-409. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13104. PMID: 28130929.
- McEvoy C, Schilling D, Peters D, Tillotson C, Spitale P, Wallen L, Segel S, Bowling S, Gravett M, Durand M. Respiratory compliance in preterm infants after a single rescue course of antenatal steroids: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Jun;202(6):544.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.038. Epub 2010 Mar 15. PMID: 20227053; PMCID: PMC2878893.
- Ninan K, Liyanage SK, Murphy KE, Asztalos EV, McDonald SD. Evaluation of Long-term Outcomes Associated With Preterm Exposure to Antenatal Corticosteroids: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2022 Jun 1;176(6):e220483. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.0483. Epub 2022 Jun 6. PMID: 35404395; PMCID: PMC9002717.
- Ninan K, Gojic A, Wang Y, Asztalos EV, Beltempo M, Murphy KE, McDonald SD. The proportions of term or late preterm births after exposure to early antenatal corticosteroids, and outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of 1.6 million infants. BMJ. 2023 Aug 2;382:e076035. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-076035. PMID: 37532269; PMCID: PMC10394681.
- McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 25;12(12):CD004454. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub4. PMID: 33368142; PMCID: PMC8094626.
- Murphy KE, Hannah ME, Willan AR, Hewson SA, Ohlsson A, Kelly EN, Matthews SG, Saigal S, Asztalos E, Ross S, Delisle MF, Amankwah K, Guselle P, Gafni A, Lee SK, Armson BA; MACS Collaborative Group. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth (MACS): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Dec 20;372(9656):2143-51. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61929-7. PMID: 19101390.
- Peltoniemi OM, Kari MA, Tammela O, Lehtonen L, Marttila R, Halmesmäki E, Jouppila P, Hallman M; Repeat Antenatal Betamethasone Study Group. Randomized trial of a single repeat dose of prenatal betamethasone treatment in imminent preterm birth. Pediatrics. 2007 Feb;119(2):290-8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1549. PMID: 17272618.
- Porreco R, Garite TJ, Combs CA, Maurel K, Huls CK, Baker S, Fortner KB, Longo SA, Nageotte M, Lewis D, Tran L; Obstetrix Collaborative Research Network. Booster course of antenatal corticosteroids after preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: a double-blind randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2023 May;5(5):100896. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.100896. Epub 2023 Feb 14. PMID: 36796641.
- Räikkönen K, Gissler M, Kajantie E. Associations Between Maternal Antenatal Corticosteroid Treatment and Mental and Behavioral Disorders in Children. JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1924-1933. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3937. PMID: 32427304; PMCID: PMC7237984.
- Räikkönen K, Gissler M, Tapiainen T, Kajantie E. Associations Between Maternal Antenatal Corticosteroid Treatment and Psychological Developmental and Neurosensory Disorders in Children. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Aug 1;5(8):e2228518. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.28518. PMID: 36001315; PMCID: PMC9403777.
Evidence tabellen
Evidence tables for intervention studies
Research question: What are the (un)beneficial effects of giving a repeated course of corticosteroids to pregnant women with an impending preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks compared with no repeated course of corticosteroids on the morbidity and mortality of the child?
|
Study reference |
Study characteristics |
Patient characteristics 2 |
Intervention (I) |
Comparison / control (C) 3
|
Follow-up |
Outcome measures and effect size 4 |
Comments |
|
Garite, 2009 |
Type of study: Multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Setting and country: 15 private and 3 university medical centres, US
Funding and conflicts of interest: Funded by Maternal-Fetal Medicine practices of Pediatrix Medical Group. No authors have known conflicts of interest. |
Inclusion criteria: - Women with singleton or twin pregnancies with intact membranes at 25 to 32+6 weeks - Judged to have a recurrent or continued threat of preterm delivery within the next 7 days - Initiated their first course of betamethasone at least 14 days before enrollment and before 30 weeks’ gestation
Exclusion criteria: - Known major fetal anomalies - Ruptured membranes - Clinical chorioamnionitis - Documented lung maturity - Receiving corticosteroids for other maternal indications, - Human immunodeficiency virus or active tuberculosis
N total at baseline: Intervention: 223 Control: 214
Important prognostic factors2: Age (Mean±SD) I: 29.6 ± 6 C: 29.6 ± 6
Gestational age at randomization (Mean±SD) I: 29.5 ± 2.2 C: 29.4 ± 1.9
Groups comparable at baseline
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Repeat corticosteroid
Single course of intramuscular betamethasone given as 2 doses of 12 mg, 24 hours apart
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): Placebo
Similarly administered saline intramuscular injection |
Length of follow-up: Not reported
Loss-to-follow-up: I: 14 (4.8%) C: 6 (2.1%)
Incomplete outcome data: Neonatal data were missing for 12 and 6 babies in the ACS and placebo groups, respectively
|
Composite morbidity I: 88/276 (32.1%) C: 120/282 (42.6%)
RDS I: 83/275 (30.2%) C: 116/281 (41.3%)
IVH I: 19/272 (7.0%) C: 25/274 (9.1%)
Sepsis I: 7/275 (2.6%) C: 12/288 (4.3%)
Perinatal death (stillbirth or death before neonatal hospital discharge) I: 5/276 (1.8%) C: 7/282 (2.5%)
PVL I: 3/269 (1.1%) C: 4/272 (1.5%) |
Author’s conclusion: Administration of a single rescue course of ACS before 33 weeks improves neonatal outcome without apparent increased short-term risk.
|
|
McEvoy, 2010 |
Type of study: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial
Setting and country: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Oregon Health and Science University (Portland, OR) and at Sacred Heart Hospital (Pensacola, FL).
Funding and conflicts of interest: Supported in part by Oregon Health and Science University, GCRC/PHS Grant 5 M01 RR000334; OCTRI UL1 RR024140 01; and by the American Lung Association. No conflicts of interest reported. |
Inclusion criteria: - Women between 26 and 34 weeks of gestation - At least 14 days after first course of antenatal steroids - Continued risk of preterm delivery as determined by their care provider - Informed consent
Exclusion criteria: - Multiple gestations greater than twins - Insulin dependent diabetes - Clinical chorioamnionitis - Major documented fetal or chromosomal abnormalities - First course of antenatal steroids given at 24 weeks of gestation - Chronic steroid use during pregnancy for clinical care
N total at baseline: Intervention: 44 Control: 41
Important prognostic factors2: Age (Mean±SD) I: 26.9 ± 7.5 C: 28.6 ± 6.4
Gestational age at study dosing (Mean±SD) I: 29.8 ± 1.9 C: 30.3 ± 2.1
Maternal smoking I: 11 (25%) C: 2 (5%)
Groups comparable at baseline, except for smoking (higher in rescue antenatal steroids)
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Rescue antenatal steroids
Two 12 mg intramuscular injections of betamethasone 24 hours apart
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): Placebo
2 doses of placebo consisting of 25 mg cortisone acetate (inactive steroid)
|
Length of follow-up: Not reported
Loss-to-follow-up: Not reported
Incomplete outcome data: Some missing data (different per outcome)
|
Neonatal death I: 1/56 (2%) C: 0
RDS I: 15/56 (27%) C: 23/56 (41%) |
Author’s conclusion: Infants randomized to rescue antenatal steroids have a significantly increased respiratory compliance compared with placebo.
Remarks: - Treatment with rescue course difficult to time
|
|
Peltoniemi, 2007
|
Type of study: Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial
Setting and country: 5 Finnish university hospitals and 3 central hospitals
Funding and conflicts of interest: Foundation for Paediatric Research in Finland, Alma and KA Snellmann Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, hospital research funds. No conflicts of interest reported. |
Inclusion criteria: - Women with an imminent preterm birth before 34 weeks of pregnancy - Single course of betamethasone ³ 7 days before trial entry - Elective delivery within 48 hours - Very high risk of spontaneous delivery within 48 hours (cervical opening ³3 cm, and regular contractions at 5- to 10-minute intervals)
Exclusion criteria: - Maternal long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy - Clinical chorioamnionitis (maternal fever, uterine tenderness, foul-smelling amniotic fluid, and leukocytosis) - Lethal disease of the fetus
N total at baseline: Intervention: 125 Control: 124
Important prognostic factors2: Age (Mean±SD) I: 32.3 ± 5.8 C: 30.0 ± 5.5
Gestational age (Mean±SD) I: 30.8 ± 2.6 C: 30.7 ± 2.5
Groups comparable at baseline, except for maternal age |
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Betamethasone (12 mg intramuscularly)
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): Placebo (isotonic saline intramuscularly) |
Length of follow-up: Not reported
Loss-to-follow-up: Not reported
Incomplete outcome data: Not reported for outcomes of interest
|
Death I: 8 (5%) C: 3 (2%)
RDS I: 82 (52%) C: 80 (48%)
IVH I: 31 (20%) C: 27 (17%)
Sepsis I: 24 (15%) C: 19 (11%)
PVL I: 2 (1%) C: 0
|
Author’s conclusion: According to this study, a single booster dose of betamethasone just before preterm birth may perturb respiratory adaptation. These results caution against uncontrolled use of a repeat dose of glucocorticoid in high-risk pregnancies.
|
|
Porreco, 2023 |
Type of study: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Setting and country: 10 hospitals across the United States.
Funding and conflicts of interest: Study received unrestricted grant from The Mednax Center for Research, Education, Quality and Safety (CREQS), recently renamed The Pediatrix CREQS, Pediatrix, Inc, Sunrise, FL. T.J.G., C.A.C., and K.M. reports receiving salary support from CREQS and were involved in the design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of the trial. No other persons at CREQS had input on the preparation of this article or the decision to publish it. The authors report no conflict of interest.
|
Inclusion criteria: - Women with PPROM - An initial course of antenatal corticosteroids given at least 7 days before randomization - Maternal age ³ 18 years - Gestational age between 24 weeks 0 days to 32 weeks 6 days - Singleton pregnancy - Planned expectant management
Exclusion criteria: - Known major fetal anomalies - Clinical chorioamnionitis (2 or more of the following findings: maternal temperature ≥38.0°C, uterine tenderness, foul smelling vaginal drainage, maternal tachycardia >100 bpm, fetal tachycardia >160 bpm, maternal white blood count ≥20,000/mm3, maternal C-reactive protein ≥5.9 mg/dL) - Use of corticosteroids for other indications - Any contraindication to corticosteroids - Any contraindication to expectant management (e.g., suspected intraamniotic infection, active preterm labor, non-reassuring fetal heart rate tracing, fetal death, preeclampsia, bleeding, or documented fetal lung maturity).
N total at baseline: Intervention: 94 Control: 100
Important prognostic factors2: Age (median (IQR)) I: 28 (25–35) C: 30 (26.5–34)
Gestational age at randomization I: 28.1 (25.3 – 30.9) C: 28.6 (25.9 – 31.0)
Groups comparable at baseline, except for marriage
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Booster antenatal corticosteroids
2 dosages of 12 mg betamethasone intramuscularly 24 hours apart (24 mg total)
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): Placebo (normal saline)
|
Length of follow-up: Not reported
Loss-to-follow-up: I: 0 C: 2 (2%)
Incomplete outcome data: Not reported
|
Neonatal death I: 2/94 (2%) C: 4/98 (4%)
Composite outcome I: 60/94 (64%) C: 65/98 (66%)
RDS I: 57/94 (61%) C: 63/98 (64%)
IVH I: 4/94 (4%) C: 3/98 (3%)
PVL I: 0/94 C: 1/98 (1%)
Sepsis I: 5/94 (5%) C: 3/98 (3%)
|
Author’s conclusion: A booster course of antenatal corticosteroids at least 7 days after the first antenatal corticosteroids course in patients with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes did not improve neonatal morbidity or any other outcome in this adequately-powered, double-blind randomized clinical trial. Booster antenatal corticosteroids did not increase maternal or neonatal infection.
Remarks: - Underpowered to detect a smaller but potentially clinically relevant reduction in composite outcome - Interval of ≥7 days after the initial ACS course, rather than the ≥14-day interval à residual benefit of the initial course at 7 to 14 days - No data hypoglycemia |
Risk of bias table for intervention studies
Research question: What are the (un)beneficial effects of giving a repeated course of corticosteroids to pregnant women with an impending preterm birth between 26 and 34 weeks compared with no repeated course of corticosteroids on the morbidity and mortality of the child?
|
Study reference
(first author, publication year) |
Was the allocation sequence adequately generated?
Definitely yes Probably yes Probably no Definitely no |
Was the allocation adequately concealed?
Definitely yes Probably yes Probably no Definitely no |
Blinding: Was knowledge of the allocated interventions adequately prevented?
Were patients blinded?
Were healthcare providers blinded?
Were data collectors blinded?
Were outcome assessors blinded?
Were data analysts blinded?
Definitely yes Probably yes Probably no Definitely no |
Was loss to follow-up (missing outcome data) infrequent?
Definitely yes Probably yes Probably no Definitely no |
Are reports of the study free of selective outcome reporting?
Definitely yes Probably yes Probably no Definitely no |
Was the study apparently free of other problems that could put it at a risk of bias?
Definitely yes Probably yes Probably no Definitely no |
Overall risk of bias If applicable/necessary, per outcome measure
LOW Some concerns HIGH
|
|
Garite, 2009 |
Definitely yes;
Reason: Block randomization sequence was prepared centrally.
|
Definitely yes;
Reason: The syringes were completely covered by a label to conceal the contents. |
Probably yes;
Reason: Intervention and control treatment looked identical, so patients and providers were unaware of allocation (double-blinded study).
|
Probably yes;
Reason: Loss to follow-up was infrequent.
|
Probably yes;
Reason: All important outcomes were reported. |
Probably yes;
Reason: No other problems noted. |
Low |
|
McEvoy, 2010 |
Probably yes;
Reason: Randomization table was used. |
Probably yes;
Reason: All patients, investigators, and care providers were unaware of treatment allocation |
Probably yes;
Reason: Double-blinded study. |
Probably yes;
Reason: No loss to follow-up. |
Probably yes;
Reason: All important outcomes were reported. |
Probably yes;
Reason: No other problems noted. |
Low |
|
Peltoniemi, 2007
|
Definitely yes;
Reason: Randomization was performed centrally and was stratified according to center by using 4 sets of sequentially labeled, opaque, sealed envelopes (for the 4 strata of gestational age and multiple gestation), which were sent to each center. |
Definitely yes;
Reason: Sealed envelopes were opened after informed consent was obtained. Study medication and placebo were prepared in identical syringes, which were masked with opaque tape. |
Probably yes;
Reason: Nurses and doctors, as well as the study investigators were blinded. Intervention and control treatment looked identical, so patients and providers were unaware of allocation. |
Probably yes;
Reason: No loss to follow-up was reported. |
Probably yes;
Reason: All important outcomes were reported. |
Probably yes;
Reason: No other problems noted. |
Low
|
|
Porreco, 2023 |
Definitely yes;
Reason: Computer-generated randomization sequence and codes were distributed in advance to the clinical pharmacy at each site. Randomization was stratified in 2 gestational age blocks (<29 weeks, ≥29 weeks) with a 1:1 randomization ratio to booster ACS or placebo in each block. |
Definitely yes;
Reason: Labels on the syringes were used to conceal their contents and mask the group allocation. |
Probably yes;
Reason: All participants, clinical staff, and research staff were blinded. |
Probably yes;
Reason: Loss to follow-up was infrequent. |
Probably yes;
Reason: All important outcomes were reported. |
Probably yes;
Reason: No other problems noted. |
Low |
Table of excluded studies
|
Reference |
Reason for exclusion |
|
Asztalos EV, Murphy KE, Hannah ME, Willan AR, Matthews SG, Ohlsson A, Kelly EN, Saigal S, Ross S, Delisle MF, Amankwah K, Guselle P, Gafni A, Lee SK, Armson BA, Sananes R, Tomat L; Multiple Courses of Antenatal Corticosteroids for Preterm Birth Study Collaborative Group. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth study: 2-year outcomes. Pediatrics. 2010 Nov;126(5):e1045-55. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-0857. Epub 2010 Oct 18. PMID: 20956409. |
Follow-up study of Murphy 2008 (more repeated courses) |
|
Asztalos E, Willan A, Murphy K, Matthews S, Ohlsson A, Saigal S, Armson A, Kelly E, Delisle MF, Gafni A, Lee S, Sananes R, Rovet J, Guselle P, Amankwah K; MACS-5 Collaborative Group. Association between gestational age at birth, antenatal corticosteroids, and outcomes at 5 years: multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth study at 5 years of age (MACS-5). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014 Aug 13;14:272. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-272. PMID: 25123162; PMCID: PMC4261573. |
Follow-up study of Murphy 2008 (more repeated courses) |
|
Asztalos EV, Murphy KE, Willan AR, Matthews SG, Ohlsson A, Saigal S, Armson BA, Kelly EN, Delisle MF, Gafni A, Lee SK, Sananes R, Rovet J, Guselle P, Amankwah K, Saleem M, Sanchez J; MACS-5 Collaborative Group. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth study: outcomes in children at 5 years of age (MACS-5). JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Dec;167(12):1102-10. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2764. PMID: 24126948. |
Study design: cohort study |
|
Atarod Z, Taghipour M, Roohanizadeh H, Fadavi S, Taghavipour M. Effects of single course and multicourse betamethasone prior to birth in the prognosis of the preterm neonates: A randomized, double-blind placebo-control clinical trial study. J Res Med Sci. 2014 Aug;19(8):715-9. PMID: 25422655; PMCID: PMC4235090. |
More repeated courses |
|
Ay H, Tosun M, Malatyalıoğlu E, Aygün C, Cetinkaya MB, Celik H, Bıldırcın FD. Comparison of single and double courses of antenatal corticosteroid administration on neonatal mortality and morbidity. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2010 Mar 1;11(1):38-43. PMID: 24591892; PMCID: PMC3939303. |
Study design: cohort study |
|
Battin M, Bevan C, Harding J. Growth in the neonatal period after repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroids: data from the ACTORDS randomised trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012 Mar;97(2):F99-105. doi: 10.1136/adc.2011.211318. Epub 2011 Jul 27. PMID: 21798872. |
Wrong outcome: weight, linear growth and head circumference |
|
Bevilacqua E, Brunelli R, Anceschi MM. Review and meta-analysis: Benefits and risks of multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010 Apr;23(4):244-60. doi: 10.1080/14767050903165222. PMID: 19670040. |
Older systematic review |
|
Bibbo C, Deluca L, Gibbs KA, Saltzman DH, Rebarber A, Green RS, Fox NS. Rescue corticosteroids in twin pregnancies and short-term neonatal outcomes. BJOG. 2013 Jan;120(1):58-63. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12021. Epub 2012 Nov 2. PMID: 23121189. |
Study design: retrospective study |
|
Bontis N, Vavilis D, Tsolakidis D, Goulis DG, Tzevelekis P, Kellartzis D, Tarlatzis BC. Comparison of single versus multiple courses of antenatal betamethasone in patients with threatened preterm labor. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2011;38(2):165-7. PMID: 21793281. |
Study design: prospective non-randomized trial |
|
Borowski KS, Clark EA, Lai Y, Wapner RJ, Sorokin Y, Peaceman AM, Iams JD, Leveno KJ, Harper M, Caritis SN, Miodovnik M, Mercer BM, Thorp JM Jr, O'Sullivan MJ, Ramin SM, Carpenter MW, Rouse DJ, Sibai B; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Neonatal Genetic Variation in Steroid Metabolism and Key Respiratory Function Genes and Perinatal Outcomes in Single and Multiple Courses of Corticosteroids. Am J Perinatol. 2015 Oct;32(12):1126-32. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1549217. Epub 2015 May 8. PMID: 26445141; PMCID: PMC4860012. |
Wrong study aim: association of steroid metabolism and respiratory gene polymorphisms with respiratory outcomes |
|
Borszewska-Kornacka MK, Gulczyńska E, Kostuch M, Korbal P, Krajewski P, Study Group AT. Antenatal corticosteroids and respiratory distress syndrome - the first Polish national survey. Ginekol Pol. 2016;87(7):498-503. doi: 10.5603/GP.2016.0033. PMID: 27504942. |
Wrong comparison: did not receive corticosteroids |
|
Briceño-Pérez C, Reyna-Villasmil E, Vigil-De-Gracia P. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: Historical and scientific basis to improve preterm birth management. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019 Mar;234:32-37. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.12.025. Epub 2019 Jan 6. PMID: 30639954. |
Wrong study design: no systematic review |
|
Brookfield KF, El-Sayed YY, Chao L, Berger V, Naqvi M, Butwick AJ. Antenatal corticosteroids for preterm premature rupture of membranes: single or repeat course? Am J Perinatol. 2015 May;32(6):537-44. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1396690. Epub 2014 Dec 29. PMID: 25545441; PMCID: PMC4460987. |
Study design: cohort study |
|
Caldas JP, Braghini CA, Mazzola TN, Vilela MM, Marba ST. Peri-intraventricular hemorrhage and oxidative and inflammatory stress markers in very-low birth weight newborns. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2015 Jul-Aug;91(4):373-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.09.008. Epub 2015 Apr 23. PMID: 25913045. |
Wrong study aim: association between oxidative and inflammatory stress markers with PIVH |
|
Cartwright RD, Crowther CA, Anderson PJ, Harding JE, Doyle LW, McKinlay CJD. Association of Fetal Growth Restriction With Neurocognitive Function After Repeated Antenatal Betamethasone Treatment vs Placebo: Secondary Analysis of the ACTORDS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Feb 1;2(2):e187636. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7636. PMID: 30707225; PMCID: PMC6484607. |
Secondary analysis of Crowther 2006 (more repeated courses) |
|
Cartwright RD, Harding JE, Crowther CA, Cutfield WS, Battin MR, Dalziel SR, McKinlay CJD; ACTORDS Follow-up Group. Repeat Antenatal Betamethasone and Cardiometabolic Outcomes. Pediatrics. 2018 Jul;142(1):e20180522. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-0522. Epub 2018 Jun 12. PMID: 29895522. |
Wrong outcome: cardiometabolic outcomes |
|
Chawanpaiboon S, Pooliam J, Chuchotiros M. A case-control study on the effects of incomplete, one, and more than one dexamethasone course on acute respiratory problems in preterm neonates born between 280 and 366 weeks of gestation. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022 Nov 28;22(1):880. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-05209-6. PMID: 36443697; PMCID: PMC9703789. |
Study design: retrospective study |
|
Chawla S, Lua J, Natarajan G, Cortez JM, Gelmini M, Thomas R, Sarnaik A. Postnatal respiratory compliance among premature ventilated neonates associated with variable timing and dosing of antenatal steroids. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Dec;31(12):1073-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1371711. Epub 2014 Apr 4. PMID: 24705966. |
Wrong outcome: respiratory system complicance |
|
Church MW, Wapner RJ, Mele LM, Johnson F, Dudley DJ, Spong CY, Peaceman AM, Moawad AH, O'Sullivan MJ, Miodovnik M; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network. Repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids: are there effects on the infant's auditory brainstem responses? Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2010 Nov-Dec;32(6):605-10. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.05.006. Epub 2010 May 27. PMID: 20553856; PMCID: PMC2955992. |
Wrong intervention: multiple courses; Wrong outcome: neonatal auditory brainstem response |
|
Claire L, Vieux R. Efficacy of antenatal corticosteroids according to maternal and perinatal factors: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Perinatol. 2015 Sep;32(11):1070-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1548537. Epub 2015 Mar 31. PMID: 25825960. |
No comparison |
|
Clark EA, Mele L, Wapner RJ, Spong CY, Sorokin Y, Peaceman A, Iams JD, Leveno KJ, Harper M, Caritis SN, Mercer BM, Thorp JM, Ramin SM, Carpenter M, Rouse DJ; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Repeated course antenatal steroids, inflammation gene polymorphisms, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 2. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jul;205(1):79.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.061. Epub 2011 Feb 27. PMID: 21529753; PMCID: PMC3743532. |
Wrong study aim: interaction between repeated course antenatal corticosteroids and inflammation gene polymorphisms |
|
Crane J, Armson A, Brunner M, De La Ronde S, Farine D, Keenan-Lindsay L, Leduc L, Schneider C, Van Aerde J. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada: JOGC= Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada: JOGC. 2003 Jan 1;25(1):45-52. |
Wrong study design: guidelines |
|
Crowther CA, McKinlay CJ, Middleton P, Harding JE. Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD003935. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 05;(7):CD003935. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub4. PMID: 21678343; PMCID: PMC4170912. |
Update in Walters 2022 |
|
Crowther CA, Anderson PJ, McKinlay CJ, Harding JE, Ashwood PJ, Haslam RR, Robinson JS, Doyle LW; ACTORDS Follow-up Group. Mid-Childhood Outcomes of Repeat Antenatal Corticosteroids: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2016 Oct;138(4):e20160947. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0947. Epub 2016 Sep 20. PMID: 27650051. |
Follow-up study of Crowther 2006 (more repeated courses) |
|
Crowther CA, McKinlay CJ, Middleton P, Harding JE. Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 5;2015(7):CD003935. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub4. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Apr 4;4:CD003935. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub5. PMID: 26142898; PMCID: PMC7104525. |
Update in Walters 2022 |
|
Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M, Askie L, Zhang S, Martlow TK, Aghajafari F, Asztalos EV, Brocklehurst P, Dutta S, Garite TJ, Guinn DA, Hallman M, Hardy P, Lee MJ, Maurel K, Mazumder P, McEvoy C, Murphy KE, Peltoniemi OM, Thom EA, Wapner RJ, Doyle LW; PRECISE Group. Effects of repeat prenatal corticosteroids given to women at risk of preterm birth: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019 Apr 12;16(4):e1002771. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002771. PMID: 30978205; PMCID: PMC6461224. |
Older systematic review |
|
Daskalakis G, Pergialiotis V, Domellöf M, Ehrhardt H, Di Renzo GC, Koç E, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Kacerovsky M, Modi N, Shennan A, Ayres-de-Campos D, Gliozheni E, Rull K, Braun T, Beke A, Kosińska-Kaczyńska K, Areia AL, Vladareanu S, Sršen TP, Schmitz T, Jacobsson B. European guidelines on perinatal care: corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2023 Dec;36(1):2160628. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2160628. PMID: 36689999. |
Wrong study design: guidelines |
|
di Pasquo E, Saccone G, Angeli L, Dall'Asta A, Borghi E, Fieni S, Berghella V, Magnani C, Frusca T, Ghi T. Determinants of neonatal hypoglycemia after antenatal administration of corticosteroids (ACS) for lung maturation: Data from two referral centers and review of the literature. Early Hum Dev. 2020 Apr;143:104984. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.104984. Epub 2020 Feb 21. PMID: 32092675. |
Study design: retrospective study |
|
Elfayomy AK, Almasry SM. Effects of a single course versus repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids on fetal growth, placental morphometry and the differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014 Nov;40(11):2135-45. doi: 10.1111/jog.12466. Epub 2014 Aug 28. PMID: 25163747. |
Wrong outcome: fetal growth, placental morphometry and regulation of VEGF |
|
Grzeskowiak LE, Grivell RM, Mol BW. Trends in receipt of single and repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroid administration among preterm and term births: A retrospective cohort study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017 Dec;57(6):643-650. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12657. Epub 2017 Jul 10. PMID: 28691731. |
Wrong study aim: trends in receipt and timing of corticosteroid administration over a ten-year interval |
|
Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Son M. Preterm premature rupture of membranes and the rate of neonatal sepsis after two courses of antenatal corticosteroids. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Nov;124(5):999-1003. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000460. PMID: 25437730. |
Study design: cohort study |
|
Hofer OJ, Harding JE, Tran T, Crowther CA. Maternal and infant morbidity following administration of repeat dexamethasone or betamethasone prior to preterm birth: A secondary analysis of the ASTEROID Trial. PLoS One. 2022 Feb 22;17(2):e0263927. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263927. PMID: 35192656; PMCID: PMC8863260. |
Wrong comparison: dexamethasone versus betamethasone |
|
Jing J, Dai Y, Li Y, Zhou P, Li X, Mei J, Zhang C, Sangild PT, Tang Z, Xu S, Su Y, He X, Zhu Y. Single-course antenatal corticosteroids is related to faster growth in very-low-birth-weight infant. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021 Jan 12;21(1):50. doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-03510-w. PMID: 33435921; PMCID: PMC7801876. |
Wrong outcome: growth |
|
Kong X, Xu F, Wang Z, Zhang S, Feng Z. Antenatal corticosteroids administration on mortality and morbidity in premature twins born at 25∼34 gestational weeks: A retrospective multicenter study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 Oct;253:259-265. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.08.003. Epub 2020 Aug 23. PMID: 32898771. |
Wrong comparison: did not receive corticosteroids |
|
Kuper SG, Baalbaki SH, Parrish MM, Jauk VC, Tita AT, Harper LM. Association between antenatal corticosteroids and neonatal hypoglycemia in indicated early preterm births. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018 Dec;31(23):3095-3101. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1364724. Epub 2017 Aug 16. PMID: 28782409. |
Study design: retrospective study |
|
Liebowitz M, Clyman RI. Antenatal Betamethasone: A Prolonged Time Interval from Administration to Delivery Is Associated with an Increased Incidence of Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Infants Born before 28 Weeks Gestation. J Pediatr. 2016 Oct;177:114-120.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.07.002. Epub 2016 Aug 8. PMID: 27514239; PMCID: PMC5037021. |
Study design: cohort study |
|
McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 25;12(12):CD004454. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub4. PMID: 33368142; PMCID: PMC8094626. |
No comparison with repeated course |
|
McKinlay CJ, Crowther CA, Middleton P, Harding JE. Repeat antenatal glucocorticoids for women at risk of preterm birth: a Cochrane Systematic Review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Mar;206(3):187-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.07.042. Epub 2011 Jul 30. PMID: 21982021. |
Older systematic review |
|
McKinlay CJ, Cutfield WS, Battin MR, Dalziel SR, Crowther CA, Harding JE; ACTORDS Study Group. Cardiovascular risk factors in children after repeat doses of antenatal glucocorticoids: an RCT. Pediatrics. 2015 Feb;135(2):e405-15. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2408. Epub 2015 Jan 19. PMID: 25601978. |
Wrong outcome: cardiometabolic disease in children |
|
McKinlay CJD, Cutfield WS, Battin MR, Dalziel SR, Crowther CA, Harding JE; ACTORDS Follow-up Group. Mid-Childhood Bone Mass After Exposure to Repeat Doses of Antenatal Glucocorticoids: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics. 2017 May;139(5):e20164250. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-4250. Epub 2017 Apr 7. PMID: 28557758. |
Wrong outcome: bone mass |
|
Murphy KE, Hannah ME, Willan AR, Ohlsson A, Kelly EN, Matthews SG, Saigal S, Asztalos E, Ross S, Delisle MF, Tomat L, Amankwah K, Guselle P, Gafni A, Lee SK, Armson BA; MACS Collaborative Group. Maternal side-effects after multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids (MACS): the three-month follow-up of women in the randomized controlled trial of MACS for preterm birth study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2011 Sep;33(9):909-21. PMID: 21923988. |
Wrong intervention: multiple doses |
|
Murphy KE, Willan AR, Hannah ME, Ohlsson A, Kelly EN, Matthews SG, Saigal S, Asztalos E, Ross S, Delisle MF, Amankwah K, Guselle P, Gafni A, Lee SK, Armson BA; Multiple Courses of Antenatal Corticosteroids for Preterm Birth Study Collaborative Group. Effect of antenatal corticosteroids on fetal growth and gestational age at birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 May;119(5):917-23. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825189dc. PMID: 22525902. |
Wrong intervention: multiple courses; Wrong outcomes: fetal growth and gestational age |
|
Navalón P, Campos-Berga L, Buesa J, Lizarán M, Ghosn F, Almansa B, Moreno-Giménez A, Vento M, Diago V, García-Blanco A. Rescue doses of antenatal corticosteroids, children's neurodevelopment, and salivary cortisol after a threatened preterm labor: a 30-month follow-up study. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2023 Jul;5(7):100918. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.100918. Epub 2023 Mar 5. PMID: 36882125. |
Study design: cohort study |
|
Ninan K, Liyanage SK, Murphy KE, Asztalos EV, McDonald SD. Long-Term Outcomes of Multiple versus a Single Course of Antenatal Steroids: A Systematic Review. Am J Perinatol. 2023 Feb 1. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1760386. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36724821. |
Better systematic review available: cohort studies and term/preterm included |
|
Norberg H, Stålnacke J, Diaz Heijtz R, Smedler AC, Nyman M, Forssberg H, Norman M. Antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth: dose-dependent reduction in birthweight, length and head circumference. Acta Paediatr. 2011 Mar;100(3):364-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02074.x. Epub 2010 Nov 23. PMID: 21054513. |
No comparison with no repeated course |
|
Norberg H, Stålnacke J, Nordenström A, Norman M. Repeat antenatal steroid exposure and later blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and metabolic profile. J Pediatr. 2013 Sep;163(3):711-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.074. Epub 2013 May 4. PMID: 23651768. |
Wrong comparison: unexposed subjects |
|
Palas D, Ehlinger V, Alberge C, Truffert P, Kayem G, Goffinet F, Ancel PY, Arnaud C, Vayssière C. Efficacy of antenatal corticosteroids in preterm twins: the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. BJOG. 2018 Aug;125(9):1164-1170. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15014. Epub 2017 Dec 14. PMID: 29119673. |
Study design: cohort study |
|
Peltoniemi OM, Kari MA, Hallman M. Repeated antenatal corticosteroid treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011 Jul;90(7):719-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01132.x. Epub 2011 May 20. PMID: 21426310. |
Older systematic review |
|
Rakers F, Schleußner E, Muth I, Hoyer D, Rupprecht S, Schiecke K, Groten T, Dreiling M, Kozik V, Schwab M, Hoyer H, Ligges C. Association between antenatal glucocorticoid exposure and the activity of the stress system, cognition, and behavior in 8- to 9-year-old children: A prospective observational study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2022 Sep;101(9):996-1006. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14386. Epub 2022 Jun 2. PMID: 35652410; PMCID: PMC9564447. |
No comparison between repeated and no repeated course |
|
Risk of preterm delivery: a single course of antenatal corticosteroids. Prescrire Int. 2010 Aug;19(108):168-9. PMID: 20939450. |
Wrong intervention: multiple doses |
|
Roberts D, Brown J, Medley N, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 21;3(3):CD004454. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 25;12:CD004454. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub4. PMID: 28321847; PMCID: PMC6464568. |
Update in McGoldrick 2020 |
|
Schmitz T. Corticoïdes prénatals: effets néonatals d'une deuxième cure [Antenatal corticosteroids: neonatal effects of a second course]. Arch Pediatr. 2010 Sep;17 Suppl 3:S101-4. French. doi: 10.1016/S0929-693X(10)70908-8. PMID: 20728808. |
Article in French |
|
Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, Makrides M, McIntyre S, Badawi N, Crowther CA. Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 8;8(8):CD012077. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012077.pub2. PMID: 28786098; PMCID: PMC6483544. |
Wrong study design: review of Cochrane reviews |
|
Skoll A, Boutin A, Bujold E, Burrows J, Crane J, Geary M, Jain V, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Liauw J, Mundle W, Murphy K, Wong S, Joseph KS. No. 364-Antenatal Corticosteroid Therapy for Improving Neonatal Outcomes. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018 Sep;40(9):1219-1239. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.04.018. PMID: 30268316. |
Wrong study design: guidelines |
|
Stålnacke J, Diaz Heijtz R, Norberg H, Norman M, Smedler AC, Forssberg H. Cognitive outcome in adolescents and young adults after repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroids. J Pediatr. 2013 Aug;163(2):441-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.030. Epub 2013 Feb 26. PMID: 23485033. |
Study design: cohort study |
|
Surbek D, Drack G, Irion O, Nelle M, Huang D, Hoesli I. Antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation in threatened preterm delivery: indications and administration. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Aug;286(2):277-81. doi: 10.1007/s00404-012-2339-x. Epub 2012 Apr 29. PMID: 22543752. |
Wrong study design: narrative review |
|
Tsakiridis I, Mamopoulos A, Athanasiadis A, Dagklis T. Antenatal Corticosteroids and Magnesium Sulfate for Improved Preterm Neonatal Outcomes: A Review of Guidelines. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2020 May;75(5):298-307. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000778. PMID: 32469415. |
Wrong study design: review of guidelines |
|
Zephyrin LC, Hong KN, Wapner RJ, Peaceman AM, Sorokin Y, Dudley DJ, Iams JD, Harper M, Caritis SN, Mercer BM, Thorp JM, Ramin SM, Rouse DJ, Sibai B; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. Gestational age-specific risks vs benefits of multicourse antenatal corticosteroids for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Oct;209(4):330.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.06.009. Epub 2013 Jun 13. PMID: 23770471; PMCID: PMC3967787. |
Study design: observational study |
|
Zhao S. Optimized Clustering Algorithm for Comparative Analysis of Different Prenatal Corticosteroid Neurological Deficits in Premature Infants through Magnetic Reasoning Imaging (MRI). Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2021 Jul 26;2021:6179177. doi: 10.1155/2021/6179177. PMID: 34385897; PMCID: PMC8331282. |
Study design: retrospective study |
|
Zigron R, Erlichman I, Rottenstreich M, Yagel S, Rosenbloom JI, Porat S, Rottenstreich A. Rescue antenatal corticosteroids and neonatal outcomes in twin gestation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Dec;35(25):7337-7343. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1947230. Epub 2021 Jul 5. PMID: 34219579. |
Study design: retrospective study |
Verantwoording
Beoordelingsdatum en geldigheid
Publicatiedatum : 28-08-2025
Beoordeeld op geldigheid : 03-06-2025
De Koninklijke Nederlandse Organisatie van Verloskundigen (KNOV) heeft een formele verklaring van geen bezwaar gegeven.
Algemene gegevens
De ontwikkeling/herziening van deze richtlijnmodule werd ondersteund door het Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medisch Specialisten (www.demedischspecialist.nl/kennisinstituut) en werd gefinancierd uit de Kwaliteitsgelden Medisch Specialisten (SKMS). De financier heeft geen enkele invloed gehad op de inhoud van de richtlijnmodule.
Samenstelling werkgroep
Voor het ontwikkelen van de richtlijnmodule is in 2022 een multidisciplinaire werkgroep ingesteld, bestaande uit vertegenwoordigers van alle relevante specialismen (zie hiervoor de Samenstelling van de werkgroep) die betrokken zijn bij de zorg voor zwangeren waarbij sprake is van een dreigende vroeggeboorte.
Werkgroep
- Dr. C.J. (Caroline) Bax, gynaecoloog-perinatoloog, NVOG (voorzitter)
- Dr. J.B. (Jan) Derks, gynaecoloog-perinatoloog, NVOG
- Dr. A. (Ayten) Elvan-Taşpınar, gynaecoloog-perinatoloog, NVOG
- Dr. H.M. (Marieke) Knol, gynaecoloog-perinatoloog, NVOG
- Dr. M.A. (Marjon) de Boer, gynaecoloog-perinatoloog, NVOG
- Dr. D.N.M. (Dimitri) Papatsonis, gynaecoloog, NVOG
- Dr. D.E. (Lia) Wijnberger, gynaecoloog, NVOG
- Dr. P.H. (Dijk), kinderarts-neonatoloog, NVK
- Drs. L. (Leanne) Erkelens-de Vetten, kinderarts-neonataloog, NVK
- Drs. C. (Christel) Rolf, klinisch verloskundige, KNOV (tot maart 2023)
- Drs. C. (Cedric) van Uytrecht, klinisch verloskundige, KNOV (tot 15 augustus 2023)
- Drs. D. (Daphne) de Jong, eerstelijns verloskundige, KNOV (vanaf september 2023)
- Drs. M.A.M. (Machteld) van der Noll, verloskundige, KNOV
- Dr. I.F. (Igna) Kwint-Reijnders, patiëntenvertegenwoordiging Care4Neo
Klankbordgroep
- Drs. H.I. (Herma) Davelaar – van Zanten, V&VN Voortplanting, Obstetrie & Gynaecologie (tot mei 2024)
- Dhr. M. (Maikel) Hustinx, bestuurslid afdeling Vrouw & Kind V&VN (vanaf mei 2024)
Met ondersteuning van
- Drs. D.A.M. (Danique) Middelhuis, adviseur, Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medisch Specialisten
- Drs. T. (Tessa) Geltink, adviseur, Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medsich Specialisten (tot april 2023)
- Dr. M.L. (Marja) Molag, adviseur, Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medsich Specialisten (vanaf april 2023)
Belangenverklaringen
De Code ter voorkoming van oneigenlijke beïnvloeding door belangenverstrengeling is gevolgd. Alle werkgroepleden hebben schriftelijk verklaard of zij in de laatste drie jaar directe financiële belangen (betrekking bij een commercieel bedrijf, persoonlijke financiële belangen, onderzoeksfinanciering) of indirecte belangen (persoonlijke relaties, reputatiemanagement) hebben gehad. Gedurende de ontwikkeling of herziening van een module worden wijzigingen in belangen aan de voorzitter doorgegeven. De belangenverklaring wordt opnieuw bevestigd tijdens de commentaarfase.
Een overzicht van de belangen van werkgroepleden en het oordeel over het omgaan met eventuele belangen vindt u in onderstaande tabel. De ondertekende belangenverklaringen zijn op te vragen bij het secretariaat van het Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medisch Specialisten.
|
Werkgroep |
||||
|
Achternaam werkgroeplid |
Functie |
Nevenfuncties |
Gemelde belangen |
Ondernomen actie |
|
Bax (voorzitter) |
Gynaecoloog-perinatoloog AmsterdamUMC |
Allen onbetaald: Adviesraad MADAM project Lid Raad kwaliteit FMS Organisatie en docent basiscursus prenatale counseling Amsterdam UMC Audit voorzitter in regio Amsterdam Lid Dagelijks bestuur koepel kwaliteit |
ZonMW subsidie voor onderzoek naar NIPT |
Geen restricties |
|
Knol |
Perinataloog Isala Kliniek Zwolle |
Lid werkgroep Otterlo NVOG Lid wetenschapscommissie NVOG Lokale hoofdonderzoeker consortiumstudie apostel 8 |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Elvan-Taspinar |
Perinatoloog UMCG |
Instructeur MOET onbetaald |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Van Uytrecht |
Physician Assistant- Obstetrie |
Training acute verloskunde te Medsim. Verloskundige/ Physician Assistant te Maxima Medisch Centrum te Veldhoven |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Rolf |
Physician Assistant Obstetrie; functie van afdelingsarts op de high care verloskunde( OHC), Máxima MC. Betaalde functie |
Klinisch verloskundige, Máxima MC, betaalde functie |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Papatsonis |
Gynaecoloog Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda |
Geen |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Kwint-Reijnders |
Patientvertegenwoordiger namens Care4Neo, experienced expert |
Gynaecoloog i.o. VAGO afgevaardigde in het pijlerbestuur NVOG werkgroep foetomaternale geneeskunde |
In mijn werkzaamheden als gynaecoloog in opleiding werk ik zelf met dreigende vroeggeboorte casuïstiek en met collega's die uitvoering geven aan deze richtlijn. Daarnaast heb ik zitting als VAGO-afgevaardigde in het pijlerbestuur van de NVOG werkgroep foetomaternale geneeskunde, waarin ook onderwerpen geadresseerd worden die gerelateerd zijn aan dreigende vroeggeboorte. |
Geen restricties |
|
Derks |
Gynaecoloog, afdeling verloskunde, WKZ, UMCU.
|
Betrokken bij de richtlijn preventie vroeggeboorte, onderdeel van de Otterlo, deze commissie schrijft de verloskunde richtlijnen voor de NVOG |
Ik ben binnen mijn kliniek betrokken bij de behandeling van patienten met vroeggeboorte (in de anamnese). Gezien mijn expertise op dit gebied zie ik veel patienten met vroeggeboorte |
Geen retricties |
|
De Vetten |
Kinderarts-neonatoloog, Martini ziekenhuis Groningen |
Geen |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Wijnberger |
Gynaecoloog en perinatoloog Rijnstate Ziekenhuis Arnhem |
Lid werkgroep Otterlo (richtlijnontwikkeling) onbetaald Opleider, onbetaald |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Van der Noll |
Klinisch verloskundige - Master Physician Assistant (inactief) Docent Verloskunde Ba-VKV Rotterdam (actief) |
Geen |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
De Boer |
Gynaecoloog |
Geen |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Dijk |
Kinderarts-neonatoloog UMC Groningen |
Lidmaatschap Neonatologie Netwerk Nederland Lid LNR werkgroep Perined/NVK Lid werkgroep Nedederlands Kinderformularium NKFK Lid consortium PedMed-Nl Lid werkgroep revisie RL Hyperbilirubinemie Adviesraad N3 Adviesraad Zwangerschap en Geboorte Consortium Noord Nederland Lid werkgroep Kinderformularium Lid Pedmed Lid sectie Neonatologie Lid werkgroep SPIN |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
De Jong |
Eerstelijns verloskundige De Geboortezaak Nieuwegein Klinisch epidemioloog |
Klinisch epidemioloog Lid werkgroep HPP in de 1e lijn Lid werkgroep Handreiking indicaties vitaliteitsecho |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Klankbordgroep |
||||
|
Achternaam klankbordgroeplid |
Functie |
Nevenfuncties |
Gemelde belangen |
Ondernomen actie |
|
Davelaar-Van Zanten |
Adviseur kwaliteit en veiligheid (betaalde functie/reguliere baan) Spaarne Gasthuis |
Geen |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
|
Maikel Hustinx |
Verpleegkundig Specialist, Albert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis, 36u p.w. |
Algemeen bestuurslid V&VN afdeling Vrouw en Kind, vrijwillig. Vice-voorzitter Vereniging Verpleegkundig Specialisten Albert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis, vrijwillig Lid landelijke tafel College Perinatale Zorg, Utrecht, vrijwillig |
Geen |
Geen restricties |
Inbreng patiëntenperspectief
Er werd aandacht besteed aan het patiëntenperspectief door uitnodigen van Patiëntenfederatie Nederland en Care4Neo voor de schriftelijke knelpuntenanalyse en afvaardiging namens Care4Neo in de werkgroep. De verkregen input is meegenomen bij het opstellen van de uitgangsvragen, de keuze voor de uitkomstmaten en bij het opstellen van de overwegingen zie per module ook “Waarden en voorkeuren van patiënten”). De conceptrichtlijn is tevens voor commentaar voorgelegd aan Patiëntenfederatie Nederland en Care4Neo en de eventueel aangeleverde commentaren zijn bekeken en verwerkt.
Kwalitatieve raming van mogelijke financiële gevolgen in het kader van de Wkkgz
Bij de richtlijnmodule is conform de Wet kwaliteit, klachten en geschillen zorg (Wkkgz) een kwalitatieve raming uitgevoerd om te beoordelen of de aanbevelingen mogelijk leiden tot substantiële financiële gevolgen. Bij het uitvoeren van deze beoordeling is de richtlijnmodule op verschillende domeinen getoetst (zie het stroomschema op de Richtlijnendatabase).
Module |
Uitkomst raming |
Toelichting |
|
Tweede kuur corticosteroïden
|
Geen financiële gevolgen |
Hoewel uit de toetsing volgt dat de aanbeveling(en) breed toepasbaar zijn (5.000-40.000 patiënten), volgt ook uit de toetsing dat [het overgrote deel (±90%) van de zorgaanbieders en zorgverleners al aan de norm voldoet OF het geen nieuwe manier van zorgverlening of andere organisatie van zorgverlening betreft]. Er worden daarom geen financiële gevolgen verwacht. |
Werkwijze
AGREE
Deze richtlijnmodule is opgesteld conform de eisen vermeld in het rapport Medisch Specialistische Richtlijnen 3.0 van de adviescommissie Richtlijnen van de Raad Kwaliteit. Dit rapport is gebaseerd op het AGREE II instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II; Brouwers, 2010).
Knelpuntenanalyse en uitgangsvragen
Tijdens de voorbereidende fase inventariseerde de werkgroep de knelpunten in de zorg voor zwangeren waarbij sprake is van dreigende vroeggeboorte. Tevens zijn er knelpunten aangedragen door Inspectie Gezondheidszorg en Jeugd, Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie, de Koninklijke Nederlandse Organisatie van Verloskundigen en Care4Neo via een schriftelijke knelpuntenanalyse. Op basis van de uitkomsten van de knelpuntenanalyse zijn door de werkgroep concept-uitgangsvragen opgesteld en definitief vastgesteld.
Uitkomstmaten
Na het opstellen van de zoekvraag behorende bij de uitgangsvraag inventariseerde de werkgroep welke uitkomstmaten voor de patiënt relevant zijn, waarbij zowel naar gewenste als ongewenste effecten werd gekeken. Hierbij werd een maximum van acht uitkomstmaten gehanteerd. De werkgroep waardeerde deze uitkomstmaten volgens hun relatieve belang bij de besluitvorming rondom aanbevelingen, als cruciaal (kritiek voor de besluitvorming), belangrijk (maar niet cruciaal) en onbelangrijk. Tevens definieerde de werkgroep tenminste voor de cruciale uitkomstmaten welke verschillen zij klinisch (patiënt) relevant vonden.
Methode literatuursamenvatting
Een uitgebreide beschrijving van de strategie voor zoeken en selecteren van literatuur is te vinden onder ‘Zoeken en selecteren’ onder Onderbouwing. Indien mogelijk werd de data uit verschillende studies gepoold in een random-effects model. Review Manager 5.4 werd gebruikt voor de statistische analyses. De beoordeling van de kracht van het wetenschappelijke bewijs wordt hieronder toegelicht.
Beoordelen van de kracht van het wetenschappelijke bewijs
De kracht van het wetenschappelijke bewijs werd bepaald volgens de GRADE-methode. GRADE staat voor ‘Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation’ (zie http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/). De basisprincipes van de GRADE-methodiek zijn: het benoemen en prioriteren van de klinisch (patiënt) relevante uitkomstmaten, een systematische review per uitkomstmaat, en een beoordeling van de bewijskracht per uitkomstmaat op basis van de acht GRADE-domeinen (domeinen voor downgraden: risk of bias, inconsistentie, indirectheid, imprecisie, en publicatiebias; domeinen voor upgraden: dosis-effect relatie, groot effect, en residuele plausibele confounding).
GRADE onderscheidt vier gradaties voor de kwaliteit van het wetenschappelijk bewijs: hoog, redelijk, laag en zeer laag. Deze gradaties verwijzen naar de mate van zekerheid die er bestaat over de literatuurconclusie, in het bijzonder de mate van zekerheid dat de literatuurconclusie de aanbeveling adequaat ondersteunt (Schünemann, 2013; Hultcrantz, 2017).
|
GRADE |
Definitie |
|
Hoog |
|
|
Redelijk |
|
|
Laag |
|
|
Zeer laag |
|
Bij het beoordelen (graderen) van de kracht van het wetenschappelijk bewijs in richtlijnen volgens de GRADE-methodiek spelen grenzen voor klinische besluitvorming een belangrijke rol (Hultcrantz, 2017). Dit zijn de grenzen die bij overschrijding aanleiding zouden geven tot een aanpassing van de aanbeveling. Om de grenzen voor klinische besluitvorming te bepalen moeten alle relevante uitkomstmaten en overwegingen worden meegewogen. De grenzen voor klinische besluitvorming zijn daarmee niet één op één vergelijkbaar met het minimaal klinisch relevant verschil (Minimal Clinically Important Difference, MCID). Met name in situaties waarin een interventie geen belangrijke nadelen heeft en de kosten relatief laag zijn, kan de grens voor klinische besluitvorming met betrekking tot de effectiviteit van de interventie bij een lagere waarde (dichter bij het nuleffect) liggen dan de MCID (Hultcrantz, 2017).
Overwegingen (van bewijs naar aanbeveling)
Om te komen tot een aanbeveling zijn naast (de kwaliteit van) het wetenschappelijke bewijs ook andere aspecten belangrijk en worden meegewogen, zoals aanvullende argumenten uit bijvoorbeeld de biomechanica of fysiologie, waarden en voorkeuren van patiënten, kosten (middelenbeslag), aanvaardbaarheid, haalbaarheid en implementatie. Deze aspecten zijn systematisch vermeld en beoordeeld (gewogen) onder het kopje ‘Overwegingen’ en kunnen (mede) gebaseerd zijn op expert opinion. Hierbij is gebruik gemaakt van een gestructureerd format gebaseerd op het evidence-to-decision framework van de internationale GRADE Working Group (Alonso-Coello, 2016a; Alonso-Coello 2016b). Dit evidence-to-decision framework is een integraal onderdeel van de GRADE methodiek.
Formuleren van aanbevelingen
De aanbevelingen geven antwoord op de uitgangsvraag en zijn gebaseerd op het beschikbare wetenschappelijke bewijs en de belangrijkste overwegingen, en een weging van de gunstige en ongunstige effecten van de relevante interventies. De kracht van het wetenschappelijk bewijs en het gewicht dat door de werkgroep wordt toegekend aan de overwegingen, bepalen samen de sterkte van de aanbeveling. Conform de GRADE-methodiek sluit een lage bewijskracht van conclusies in de systematische literatuuranalyse een sterke aanbeveling niet a priori uit, en zijn bij een hoge bewijskracht ook zwakke aanbevelingen mogelijk (Agoritsas, 2017; Neumann, 2016). De sterkte van de aanbeveling wordt altijd bepaald door weging van alle relevante argumenten tezamen. De werkgroep heeft bij elke aanbeveling opgenomen hoe zij tot de richting en sterkte van de aanbeveling zijn gekomen.
In de GRADE-methodiek wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen sterke en zwakke (of conditionele) aanbevelingen. De sterkte van een aanbeveling verwijst naar de mate van zekerheid dat de voordelen van de interventie opwegen tegen de nadelen (of vice versa), gezien over het hele spectrum van patiënten waarvoor de aanbeveling is bedoeld. De sterkte van een aanbeveling heeft duidelijke implicaties voor patiënten, behandelaars en beleidsmakers (zie onderstaande tabel). Een aanbeveling is geen dictaat, zelfs een sterke aanbeveling gebaseerd op bewijs van hoge kwaliteit (GRADE gradering HOOG) zal niet altijd van toepassing zijn, onder alle mogelijke omstandigheden en voor elke individuele patiënt.
|
Implicaties van sterke en zwakke aanbevelingen voor verschillende richtlijngebruikers |
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|
|
||
|
|
Sterke aanbeveling |
Zwakke (conditionele) aanbeveling |
|
Voor patiënten |
De meeste patiënten zouden de aanbevolen interventie of aanpak kiezen en slechts een klein aantal niet. |
Een aanzienlijk deel van de patiënten zouden de aanbevolen interventie of aanpak kiezen, maar veel patiënten ook niet. |
|
Voor behandelaars |
De meeste patiënten zouden de aanbevolen interventie of aanpak moeten ontvangen. |
Er zijn meerdere geschikte interventies of aanpakken. De patiënt moet worden ondersteund bij de keuze voor de interventie of aanpak die het beste aansluit bij zijn of haar waarden en voorkeuren. |
|
Voor beleidsmakers |
De aanbevolen interventie of aanpak kan worden gezien als standaardbeleid. |
Beleidsbepaling vereist uitvoerige discussie met betrokkenheid van veel stakeholders. Er is een grotere kans op lokale beleidsverschillen. |
Organisatie van zorg
In de knelpuntenanalyse en bij de ontwikkeling van de richtlijnmodule is expliciet aandacht geweest voor de organisatie van zorg: alle aspecten die randvoorwaardelijk zijn voor het verlenen van zorg (zoals coördinatie, communicatie, (financiële) middelen, mankracht en infrastructuur). Randvoorwaarden die relevant zijn voor het beantwoorden van deze specifieke uitgangsvraag zijn genoemd bij de overwegingen. Meer algemene, overkoepelende, of bijkomende aspecten van de organisatie van zorg worden behandeld in de module Organisatie van zorg.
Commentaar- en autorisatiefase
De conceptrichtlijnmodule werd aan de betrokken (wetenschappelijke) verenigingen en (patiënt) organisaties voorgelegd ter commentaar. De commentaren werden verzameld en besproken met de werkgroep. Naar aanleiding van de commentaren werd de conceptrichtlijnmodule aangepast en definitief vastgesteld door de werkgroep. De definitieve richtlijnmodule werd aan de deelnemende (wetenschappelijke) verenigingen en (patiënt) organisaties voorgelegd voor autorisatie en door hen geautoriseerd dan wel geaccordeerd.
Literatuur
Agoritsas T, Merglen A, Heen AF, Kristiansen A, Neumann I, Brito JP, Brignardello-Petersen R, Alexander PE, Rind DM, Vandvik PO, Guyatt GH. UpToDate adherence to GRADE criteria for strong recommendations: an analytical survey. BMJ Open. 2017 Nov 16;7(11):e018593. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018593. PubMed PMID: 29150475; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5701989.
Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, Moberg J, Brignardello-Petersen R, Akl EA, Davoli M, Treweek S, Mustafa RA, Rada G, Rosenbaum S, Morelli A, Guyatt GH, Oxman AD; GRADE Working Group. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 1: Introduction. BMJ. 2016 Jun 28;353:i2016. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2016. PubMed PMID: 27353417.
Alonso-Coello P, Oxman AD, Moberg J, Brignardello-Petersen R, Akl EA, Davoli M, Treweek S, Mustafa RA, Vandvik PO, Meerpohl J, Guyatt GH, Schünemann HJ; GRADE Working Group. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 2: Clinical practice guidelines. BMJ. 2016 Jun 30;353:i2089. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2089. PubMed PMID: 27365494.
Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, Fervers B, Graham ID, Grimshaw J, Hanna SE, Littlejohns P, Makarski J, Zitzelsberger L; AGREE Next Steps Consortium. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010 Dec 14;182(18):E839-42. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.090449. Epub 2010 Jul 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 20603348; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3001530.
Hultcrantz M, Rind D, Akl EA, Treweek S, Mustafa RA, Iorio A, Alper BS, Meerpohl JJ, Murad MH, Ansari MT, Katikireddi SV, Östlund P, Tranæus S, Christensen R, Gartlehner G, Brozek J, Izcovich A, Schünemann H, Guyatt G. The GRADE Working Group clarifies the construct of certainty of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017 Jul;87:4-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.05.006. Epub 2017 May 18. PubMed PMID: 28529184; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6542664.
Medisch Specialistische Richtlijnen 2.0 (2012). Adviescommissie Richtlijnen van de Raad Kwalitieit. http://richtlijnendatabase.nl/over_deze_site/over_richtlijnontwikkeling.html
Neumann I, Santesso N, Akl EA, Rind DM, Vandvik PO, Alonso-Coello P, Agoritsas T, Mustafa RA, Alexander PE, Schünemann H, Guyatt GH. A guide for health professionals to interpret and use recommendations in guidelines developed with the GRADE approach. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 Apr;72:45-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.11.017. Epub 2016 Jan 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 26772609.
Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, et al. GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group, 2013. Available from http://gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org/central_prod/_design/client/handbook/handbook.html.
Zoekverantwoording
Literature search strategy
|
Richtlijn: Dreigende vroeggeboorte |
|
|
Uitgangsvraag: Wat is de waarde van toediening van een tweede kuur corticosteroïden aan een zwangere vrouw met een dreigende vroeggeboorte op de neonatale uitkomsten op de korte en lange termijn? |
|
|
Database(s): Medline (OVID), Embase |
Datum: 01-05-2023 |
|
Periode: > 2010 |
Talen: geen beperking |
|
Literatuurspecialist: Laura Boerboom |
|
|
BMI zoekblokken: voor verschillende opdrachten wordt (deels) gebruik gemaakt van de zoekblokken van BMI-Online https://blocks.bmi-online.nl/ Bij gebruikmaking van een volledig zoekblok zal naar de betreffende link op de website worden verwezen. |
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Toelichting en opmerkingen:
→ Voor deze vraag is gezocht op de elementen dreigende vroeggeboorte (in het blauw), corticosteroïden (in het groen) en tweede kuur (in het rood).
à Er waren 2 sleutelartikelen en deze zitten allebei in de resultaten.
à Resultaten staan in Rayyan.
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|
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Te gebruiken voor richtlijnen tekst: In de databases Embase (via embase.com) en Medline (via OVID) is op 01-05-2023 met relevante zoektermen gezocht naar systematische reviews, RCT’s en observationele studies over wat de waarde is van toediening van een tweede kuur corticosteroïden aan een zwangere vrouw met een dreigende vroeggeboorte op de neonatale uitkomsten op de korte en lange termijn. De literatuurzoekactie leverde 231 unieke treffers op. |
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Zoekopbrengst
|
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EMBASE |
OVID/MEDLINE |
Ontdubbeld |
|
SR’s |
34 |
26 |
36 |
|
RCT’s |
96 |
87 |
114 |
|
Observationele designs |
73 |
60 |
81 |
Zoekstrategie
|
Database |
Zoektermen |
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Embase
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Medline (OVID)
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1 exp Obstetric Labor, Premature/ or ((labo*r or deliver* or parturition* or birth*) adj3 (premature or preterm or 'pre term' or early or prior)).ti,ab,kf. or antenatal.ti,ab,kf. or prenatal.ti,ab,kf. (221795) 2 exp Steroids/ or steroid*.ti,ab,kf. or corticosteroid*.ti,ab,kf. or hydroxycorticosteroid*.ti,ab,kf. or benzodrococortisone.ti,ab,kf. or glucocorticoid*.ti,ab,kf. or mineralocorticoid*.ti,ab,kf. or 'adrenal cortex hormone*'.ti,ab,kf. or 'cortical steroid*'.ti,ab,kf. or 'adrenal steroid*'.ti,ab,kf. or 'adrenocortical hormone*'.ti,ab,kf. or 'adrenocortical steroid*'.ti,ab,kf. or adrenocorticosteroid*.ti,ab,kf. or 'cortico steroid*'.ti,ab,kf. (1187819) 3 ((repeat* or multiple or second or two or more) adj6 (dose* or dosis or dosage* or course* or injection*)).ti,ab,kf. (228560) 4 (1 and 2 and 3) not (comment/ or editorial/ or letter/) (601) 5 limit 4 to yr="2010-Current" (264) 6 meta-analysis/ or meta-analysis as topic/ or (metaanaly* or meta-analy* or metanaly*).ti,ab,kf. or systematic review/ or cochrane.jw. or (prisma or prospero).ti,ab,kf. or ((systemati* or scoping or umbrella or "structured literature") adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab,kf. or (systemic* adj1 review*).ti,ab,kf. or ((systemati* or literature or database* or data-base*) adj10 search*).ti,ab,kf. or ((structured or comprehensive* or systemic*) adj3 search*).ti,ab,kf. or ((literature adj3 review*) and (search* or database* or data-base*)).ti,ab,kf. or (("data extraction" or "data source*") and "study selection").ti,ab,kf. or ("search strategy" and "selection criteria").ti,ab,kf. or ("data source*" and "data synthesis").ti,ab,kf. or (medline or pubmed or embase or cochrane).ab. or ((critical or rapid) adj2 (review* or overview* or synthes*)).ti. or (((critical* or rapid*) adj3 (review* or overview* or synthes*)) and (search* or database* or data-base*)).ab. or (metasynthes* or meta-synthes*).ti,ab,kf. (664965) 7 exp clinical trial/ or randomized controlled trial/ or exp clinical trials as topic/ or randomized controlled trials as topic/ or Random Allocation/ or Double-Blind Method/ or Single-Blind Method/ or (clinical trial, phase i or clinical trial, phase ii or clinical trial, phase iii or clinical trial, phase iv or controlled clinical trial or randomized controlled trial or multicenter study or clinical trial).pt. or random*.ti,ab. or (clinic* adj trial*).tw. or ((singl* or doubl* or treb* or tripl*) adj (blind$3 or mask$3)).tw. or Placebos/ or placebo*.tw. (2582422) 8 Case-control Studies/ or clinical trial, phase ii/ or clinical trial, phase iii/ or clinical trial, phase iv/ or comparative study/ or control groups/ or controlled before-after studies/ or controlled clinical trial/ or double-blind method/ or historically controlled study/ or matched-pair analysis/ or single-blind method/ or (((control or controlled) adj6 (study or studies or trial)) or (compar* adj (study or studies)) or ((control or controlled) adj1 active) or "open label*" or ((double or two or three or multi or trial) adj (arm or arms)) or (allocat* adj10 (arm or arms)) or placebo* or "sham-control*" or ((single or double or triple or assessor) adj1 (blind* or masked)) or nonrandom* or "non-random*" or "quasi-experiment*" or "parallel group*" or "factorial trial" or "pretest posttest" or (phase adj5 (study or trial)) or (case* adj6 (matched or control*)) or (match* adj6 (pair or pairs or cohort* or control* or group* or healthy or age or sex or gender or patient* or subject* or participant*)) or (propensity adj6 (scor* or match*))).ti,ab,kf. or (confounding adj6 adjust*).ti,ab. or (versus or vs or compar*).ti. or ((exp cohort studies/ or epidemiologic studies/ or multicenter study/ or observational study/ or seroepidemiologic studies/ or (cohort* or 'follow up' or followup or longitudinal* or prospective* or retrospective* or observational* or multicent* or 'multi-cent*' or consecutive*).ti,ab,kf.) and ((group or groups or subgroup* or versus or vs or compar*).ti,ab,kf. or ('odds ratio*' or 'relative odds' or 'risk ratio*' or 'relative risk*' or aor or arr or rrr).ab. or (("OR" or "RR") adj6 CI).ab.)) (5412472) 9 5 and 6 (26) SR’s 10 (5 and 7) not 9 (87) RCT’s 11 (5 and 8) not 9 not 10 (60) Observationele studies 12 9 or 10 or 11 (173) |






