Epidurale analgesie
Uitgangsvraag
Wat is de plaats van epidurale analgesie bij een zwangere vrouw met een sectio caesarea in de voorgeschiedenis en wens tot pijnstilling (epiduraal analgesie)?
Aanbeveling
Bied vrouwen met een keizersnede in de voorgeschiedenis epidurale analgesie als mogelijkheid voor pijnstilling tijdens de bevalling aan conform de richtlijn pijnbehandeling tijdens de bevalling.
Overwegingen
Voor- en nadelen van de interventie en de kwaliteit van het bewijs
Op basis van de beschreven literatuur is er weinig bekend over het directe risico van epidurale analgesie op het optreden van een uterusruptuur, dan wel het risico dat de ruptuur later herkend wordt dan als er geen epidurale analgesie was gegeven. Er zijn geen gerandomiseerde studies en slechts, meest oude, cohortstudies die niet primair opgezet waren om de groep vrouwen met epiduraal analgesie te vergelijken met de groep vrouwen zonder epiduraal analgesie. Alhoewel er in totaal meer uterusrupturen worden beschreven bij vrouwen met epidurale analgesie (50/2788 (1.8%)) dan bij vrouwen zonder epidurale analgesie (72/19317 (0.4%)) is er een zeer grote kans op bias. Er is niet gecorrigeerd voor factoren die invloed hebben op het krijgen van een epiduraal analgesie, waarbij dit vaak ook de factoren zijn die een risicofactor zijn voor het krijgen van een uterusruptuur, zoals geen eerdere vaginale bevalling en een langdurige bevalling met wel of geen oxytocine iv.
Voor de andere uitkomstmaten (geslaagde vaginale baring, maternale mortaliteit, fluxus, perinatale mortaliteit en Apgar score < 7) werden geen significante verschillen gevonden, waarbij niet alle studies deze uitkomstmaten gestratificeerd voor epidurale analgesie versus niet epiduraal analgesie vermelden en daarnaast ook gaat om kleine aantallen. De andere tevoren gedefinieerde uitkomstmaten werden niet gerapporteerd.
RCT’s zouden antwoord moeten kunnen geven op de vraag of epidurale analgesie ten tijde van de baring na een eerder keizersnede tot meer of minder neonatale en maternale morbiditeit leidt. Echter, er zijn geen RCT’s op dit gebied en zeer waarschijnlijk zijn die ook niet uit te voeren. Door de kans op bias in de cohortstudies, die voor merendeel ook niet waren opgezet om deze uitgangsvraag te beantwoorden, is de bewijskracht voor alle uitkomsten gegradeerd als GRADE zeer laag. De afwaardering van de beschreven uitkomstmaten komt met name door de heterogeniteit tussen de studies ten aanzien van de uitkomstmaten en imprecisie.
Het gebrek aan bewijs is binnen de werkgroep besproken en vanwege onderstaande argumenten zijn meegenomen om te komen tot de aanbeveling.
Epiduraal is meest effectieve vorm van pijnstilling (zie de richtlijn pijnbestrijding tijdens de baring), waarvan op dit moment 20,4 procent (data 2019) van alle vrouwen die bevallen gebruik maakt. Waarschijnlijk zal het aantal vrouwen wat niet kiest voor een vaginale bevalling of die tijdens de bevalling geconfronteerd worden met de onmogelijkheid van epiduraal analgesie en daardoor een sectio ondergaan toenemen als deze vorm van pijnstilling niet aangeboden wordt. Om vrouwen dus een optimale mogelijkheid te geven vaginaal te bevallen na een eerdere keizersnede is de mogelijkheid van epidurale analgesie essentieel. Daarnaast lijkt er geen reden om aan te nemen dat epiduraal analgesie een negatieve invloed heeft op de kans van een geslaagde vaginale baring.
Er lijkt geen reden om aan te nemen dat door epidurale analgesie een uterusruptuur later gediagnosticeerd wordt, mede omdat CTG afwijkingen vaak het eerste symptoom van een (dreigende) uterusruptuur (Anderson, 2016; Ayres, 2011; Pryor, 2007; Ridgeway, 2004; Sheiner, 2004). CTG afwijkingen worden in 66 tot 76% van een uterusruptuur gerapporteerd. Echter, bij meer dan de helft van de cases is er sprake van een combinatie van factoren (meestal afwijkingen in CTG en abdominale pijn).
Een recente case–control studie rapporteerde dat frequente noodzaak tot top-ups een risicofactor was voor dreigende uterusruptuur bij VBAC (Cahill, 2010). De toenemende pijn en toenemende pijnstillingsbehoefte die waarschijnlijk voorafgaat aan een uterusruptuur kan een verklaring zijn voor de gevonden associatie tussen uterusruptuur en toenemende noodzaak tot top-up van de dosering of toenemende gebruik bij een patient-controlled epidural analgesia bij VBAC met een daaropvolgende uterusruptuur.
Daarom zou men alert moeten zijn op een toenemende pijnstillingsbehoefte en CTG afwijkingen als mogelijke symptomen van een (dreigende) uterusruptuur bij vrouwen met een keizersnede in de voorgeschiedenis en epidurale analgesie. Verder is het van belang te realiseren dat er vele methoden zijn van epidurale analgesie, zowel qua gebruikte middelen als qua dosering. Daarnaast is er de laatste jaren ook veel veranderd om het meer individueel en patiëntgericht te benaderen door patient-controlled systemen en de low-dose walking epidural. De verwachting is dat vergeleken met de oude studies, als er al een maskering zou zijn van de pijn door een uterusruptuur, dit in de huidige tijd met nieuwe technieken minder is.
Waarden en voorkeuren van patiënten (en eventueel hun verzorgers)
Zie hierboven.
Kosten (middelenbeslag)
Conform de richtlijn pijnstilling tijdens de baring zou epidurale analgesie in alle obstetrische klinieken 24/7 beschikbaar zijn. Indien dit niet beschikbaar zou zijn, kiezen mogelijk minder vrouwen die voor een trial of labour en/of minder geslaagde TOL’s. De totale kosten zouden dan dus mogelijk juist hoger kunnen zijn.
Aanvaardbaarheid, haalbaarheid en implementatie
Er zijn geen problemen te verwachten met betrekking tot de implementatie. Conform de richtlijn pijnbestrijding tijdens de baring zou epidurale analgesie in elk ziekenhuis beschikbaar moeten zijn en wordt al algemeen toegepast tijdens baringen van vrouwen met een sectio in de voorgeschiedenis.
Rationale van de aanbeveling: weging van argumenten voor en tegen de interventies
De overall bewijskracht van de literatuur is gegradeerd als zeer laag, dit wordt veroorzaakt doordat er alleen observationele cohortstudies zijn uitgevoerd waarin het effect van epidurale analgesie niet de primaire onderzoeksvraag betrof.
Onderbouwing
Achtergrond
Pijn ter plekke van het oude sectiolitteken is een symptoom van een (dreigende) uterusruptuur en er is twijfel of epidurale analgesie dit symptoom zou kunnen maskeren, waardoor een uterusruptuur later zou worden opgemerkt. In deze module wordt de plaats van epidurale analgesie bij een zwangere vrouw met een sectio caesarea in de voorgeschiedenis en wens tot pijnstilling (epiduraal) onderzocht.
Conclusies
Very Low GRADE |
It is uncertain what the effect of epidural analgesia is on the risk of uterine rupture in women attempting a trial of labour after caesarean section (TOLAC).
Sources: (Johnson, 1991; Miller, 1992; Molloy, 1987; Rageth, 1999; Sakala, 1990; Stovall, 1987, Studsgaard, 2013; Van der Merwe, 2013) |
Very Low GRADE |
It is uncertain what the effect of epidural analgesia is on the risk of an unsuccessful VBAC in women attempting TOLAC.
Sources: (Johnson, 1991; Lin Jing, 2019; Miller, 1992; Nguyen, 1992; Sakala, 1990; Stovall, 1987, Studsgaard, 2013; Van der Merwe, 2013) |
Very Low GRADE |
It is uncertain what the effect of epidural analgesia is on the risk of maternal mortality in women attempting TOLAC.
Sources: (Stovall, 1987) |
Very Low GRADE |
It is uncertain what the effect of epidural analgesia is on the risk of postpartum haemorrhage in women attempting TOLAC.
Sources: (Lin Jing, 2019) |
Very Low GRADE |
It is uncertain what the effect of epidural analgesia is on the risk of perinatal mortality in women attempting TOLAC.
Sources: (Molloy, 1987; Stovall, 1987) |
Very Low GRADE |
It is uncertain what the effect of epidural analgesia is on the risk of Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes in women attempting TOLAC.
Sources: (Lin Jing, 2019; Sakala, 1990) |
- GRADE |
It is unknown what the effect of epidural analgesia is on a traumatic experience of delivery, failure to progress, pain relief, perineal trauma, patient satisfaction, bonding (mother-child), successful breastfeeding at 6 weeks, infections (perinatal), hospital/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)-admission in women attempting TOLAC. |
Samenvatting literatuur
Description of studies
In total, 10 observational studies were included. In three studies, the main purpose was to examine outcomes in women attempting TOLAC stratified for epidural analgesia (Johnson, 1991; Sakala, 1990; Stovall, 1987). In seven studies, outcomes in women attempting TOLAC were primarily stratified based on a successful VBAC yes/no. In these studies, epidural analgesia was studied, among others, as a patient characteristic or possible predictor of a successful VBAC (Lin Jing, 2019; Miller, 1992; Molloy, 1987; Nguyen, 1992; Rageth, 1999; Studsgaard, 2013; Van der Merwe, 2013).
Johnson (1991) performed a retrospective cohort analysis of a consecutive sample of women (ASA physical status I and II) who attempted TOLAC. Exclusion criteria were not reported. In total, 110 women with a previous cesarean delivery were included, of which 51 (46%) received epidural analgesia and 59 (54%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Lin Jing (2019) performed a retrospective cohort analysis to study factors that can be used to predict successful VBAC and its outcome. Women with a desire for a vaginal delivery and knowledge of the risks; submitting a consent form signed during pregnancy; history of only one caesarean section with a transverse incision in the lower uterine segment; singleton birth with cephalic presentation; inter-delivery interval after the caesarean section ≥ 18 months; continuous myometrial tissue of the uterine scar on ultrasound examination; and estimated neonatal birth weight < 4000 g were included. Exclusion criteria were a confirmed classical, longitudinal, or T-shaped incision from the previous caesarean section; history of two or more uterine surgeries; history of uterine rupture or other incision-related complications; and causes of other contraindications of vaginal delivery. In total, 162 women were included, of which 105 received epidural analgesia (65%) and 57 (35%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Miller (1992) performed a retrospective analysis of a consecutive sample of Australian women with one or more previous caesarean sections who attempted TOLAC or requested an elective caesarean section. For the purpose of this analysis only the results of the TOLAC group are reported. Exclusion criteria were twin pregnancies and breech presentation. In total, 125 women attempting TOLAC were included, of which 61 received epidural analgesia (49%) and 64 (51%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Molloy (1987) performed a retrospective analysis of a consecutive sample of women who had had one previous caesarean section and who attempted TOLAC or requested an elective caesarean section. For the purpose of this analysis only the results of the TOLAC group are reported. Exclusion criteria were not reported. In total, 1781 women attempting TOLAC were included, of which 85 (4.8%) received epidural analgesia and 1696 (95.2%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Nguyen (1992) performed a retrospective analysis to assess risks and complications of VBAC and its outcome in connection with indications for previous caesarean section. Women attempting TOLAC in a University hospital in Texas, the USA, between January 1987 to September 1989 were included. Exclusion criteria were not reported. In total, 242 women were included, of which 70 (29%) received epidural analgesia and 172 (71%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Rageth (1999) performed a retrospective analysis of a database registry in Switzerland, used for quality control in gynecology and obstetrics departments, and representing approximately 40% of all deliveries in Switzerland. The objective of the study was to examine the risks of vaginal delivery after previous caesarean delivery and to find criteria to help decide whether a TOLAC should be preferred. The study included women requesting TOLAC and requesting elective caesarean section. For the purpose of this analysis only the results of the TOLAC group are reported. Twin pregnancies were excluded. In total, 17613 women with a prior cesarean delivery were included, of which 1497 (8.5%) received epidural analgesia and 16116 (91.5%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Sakala (1990) performed a retrospective cohort study to compare delivery outcomes in women who attempted TOLAC with epidural analgesia compared to no epidural analgesia. Data were collected in a single tertiary perinatal center in the USA. Women who had a previous caesarean section and attempted TOLAC were included. Breech presentation, multiple gestation, and obstetric contraindications to labor were exclusion criteria for the study. In total, 237 women were included, of which 87 (37%) received epidural analgesia and 150 (63%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Stovall (1987) performed a prospective cohort study to study whether epidural analgesia and oxytocin can be safely liberalized in women attempting TOLAC. Inclusion criteria were patients with a previous caesarean section (lower uterine segment transverse caesarean section, or previous lower uterine segment vertical caesarean section, regardless of number) attempting TOLAC. Exclusion criteria were 1) a previous classical caesarean section; 2) a previous low vertical caesarean section in preterm pregnancy, such as preterm breech delivery; 3) a lower uterine segment transverse scar and a lower uterine segment vertical scar; 4) a failed trial of labor after their primary caesarean section. In total, 272 women were included, of which 153 (56%) received epidural analgesia and 119 (44%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Studsgaard (2013) performed a prospective cohort study to compare outcomes after TOLAC versus elective repeat cesarean delivery on maternal request. For the purpose of this analysis only the results of the TOLAC group are reported. Women with diabetes, two prior caesarean sections, any vaginal delivery after the index cesarean, twin gestation, gestational age < 37+0 and antepartum stillbirth were excluded. In total 1161 women with a prior cesarean delivery and request for TOLAC were included, of which 558 (48%) received epidural analgesia and 603 (52%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Van der Merwe (2013) performed a retrospective descriptive study to determine factors associated with VBAC in women delivering at Middlemore Hospital, New Zealand. Women who delivered a singleton baby, with at least one previous lower segment caesarean section who chose to have a VBAC and were assessed eligible by an obstetrician for a TOLAC. Exclusion criteria were an elective caesarean delivery due to the woman’s personal choice, non-vertex presentation, gestation of less than 24 completed weeks, classical caesarean section, severe preeclampsia, placenta praevia, maternal medical condition necessitating urgent delivery and multiple gestation. In total, 806 women attempting TOLAC were included, of which 296 (37%) received epidural analgesia and 510 (63%) did not receive epidural analgesia.
Results
Meta-analyses were performed where possible.
Maternal outcomes
1. Uterine rupture
Uterine rupture was reported in eight studies (Johnson, 1991; Miller, 1992; Molloy, 1987; Rageth, 1999; Sakala, 1990; Stovall, 1987, Studsgaard, 2013; Van der Merwe, 2013). Johnson (1991) reported the total number of uterine ruptures, including incomplete ruptures, defined as a tear through the endometrial layer but leaving the myometrial layer intact, and complete ruptures, defined as a tear through all the uterine layers, allowing direct communication with the peritoneal cavity. Sakala (1990) reported this as ‘overt uterine rupture’. Studsgaard (2013) reported this as a complete rupture if the rupture included myometrium, peritoneum and foetal membranes. Incomplete ruptures (dehiscence) included rupture of the myometrium but with intact peritoneum and/or foetal membranes. Stovall (1987) reported this as dehiscence requiring surgical interventions or blood component replacement for dehiscence that was palpable and/or visualized defect in the previous uterine scar. The other studies did not explicitly define the outcome in text.
Uterine rupture was reported in 50 of 2788 women (1.8%) with epidural analgesia, compared to 72 of 19317 women (0.4%) without epidural analgesia (Pooled RR 3.37 (95%CI 1.66 to 6.83)).
2. Traumatic experience of delivery
None of the included studies reported this outcome.
3. Mode of birth
Mode of birth, reported as a successful VBAC, was reported in 8 studies (Johnson, 1991; Lin Jing, 2019; Miller, 1992; Nguyen, 1992; Sakala, 1990; Stovall, 1987, Studsgaard, 2013; Van der Merwe, 2013). Successful VBAC included all vaginal deliveries, an unsuccessful delivery was defined as an emergency caesarean section. Eight studies reported the number of VBACs stratified for epidural analgesia (univariate analysis). Two studies analysed epidural analgesia as a potential predictor of successful VBAC in multivariate analysis (Lin Jing, 2019; Van der Merwe, 2013).
3.1. Univariate analysis
A successful VBAC was reported in 929 of 1381 women (67.3%) with epidural analgesia, compared to 1342 of 1734 women (77.4%) without epidural analgesia (RR 1.01, 95%CI 0.81 to 1.26).
Three studies reported the specific number of spontaneous vaginal deliveries, instrumental-assisted vaginal deliveries and emergency caesarean sections.
Nguyen (1992) reported that of 70 women with epidural analgesia, 35 (50%) had a spontaneous vaginal delivery, 31 (44%) forceps-assisted deliveries and 4 (6%) an emergency caesarean section (indications not reported). For the group of women without epidural analgesia (n=172), the number of spontaneous vaginal deliveries and instrumental-assisted vaginal deliveries were not reported.
Sakala (1992) reported that 28 of 87 women (32%) with epidural analgesia had an operative vaginal delivery, compared to 29 of 150 women (19%). Operative vaginal delivery was not defined in text.
Studsgaard (2017) reported that of the 558 women with epidural analgesia, 250 (45%) had a non-instrumental vaginal birth, 103 women (18%) had a vacuum extraction, and 205 (37%) had an emergency caesarean section (indications not reported). Of the 603 women without epidural analgesia, 369 (62%) had a non-instrumental vaginal birth, 61 women (10%) had a vacuum extraction, and 173 (29%) had an emergency caesarean section (indications not reported). Not tested for differences.
3.2. Multivariate analysis
In the study by Lin Jing (2019) epidural analgesia was not significantly associated with the outcome in univariate analysis, and it was therefore not included as a predictor in multivariate analysis. Lin Jing (2019) concluded that Bishop’s score and spontaneous labor were the only significant predictors of successful VBAC in multivariate analysis, corrected for estimated foetal weight, parturient gestational age, parturition during previous caesarean section.
Van der Merwe (2013) reported epidural analgesia as a significant predictor of successful VBAC (univariate association OR 0.12 (95%CI 0.08 to 0.17)). In multivariate analysis, epidural analgesia was associated with a reduced VBAC success (OR 0.18; 95%CI 0.12 to 0.28) and this was also found in a subgroup of women of single parity (OR 0.20; 95%CI 0.12 to 0.34). Other predictors included in multivariate model were ethnicity, previous vaginal delivery, previous VBAC, maternal BMI, induction of labor.
4. Failure to progress
None of the included studies reported this outcome.
5. Maternal mortality
Maternal mortality was reported by one study (Stovall, 1987). The outcome was not defined in text.
Maternal mortality was reported in 0 of 153 women (0%) with epidural analgesia, compared to 0 of 119 women (0%) without epidural analgesia (RR not estimable).
6. Postpartum haemorrhage
Postpartum haemorrhage was reported in one study (Lin Jing, 2019).
Lin Jing (2019) did not show data but reported that there was no effect of epidural analgesia on postpartum haemorrhage (P>0.05).
7. Pain relief/anaesthesia
None of the included studies reported this outcome.
8. Perineal trauma
None of the included studies reported this outcome.
9. Patient satisfaction
None of the included studies reported this outcome.
10. Bonding (mother-child)
None of the included studies reported this outcome.
11. Successful breastfeeding at 6 weeks
None of the included studies reported this outcome.
Neonatal outcome measures
12. Perinatal mortality
Perinatal mortality was reported by one study (Molloy, 1987; Stovall, 1987). Molloy (1987) defined this as intrapartum foetal death, Stovall (1987) did not define this outcome in text.
Perinatal mortality was reported in 0 of 240 women (0%) with epidural analgesia, compared to 1 of 1815 women (0.06%) without epidural analgesia (RR 6.43 (95%CI 0.26 to 156.66).
13. Infections
None of the included studies reported this outcome.
14. Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes
Apgar-score < 7 at 5 minutes was reported by three studies (Lin Jing, 2019; Sakala, 1990).
Lin Jing (2019) did not show data but reported that there was no effect of epidural analgesia on Apgar score (P>0.05).
Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes was reported in 4 of 87 neonates (5%) of women with epidural analgesia, compared to 13 of 150 women (9%) without epidural analgesia (RR 0.53 (95%CI 0.18 to 1.58).
15. Hospital/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)-admission
None of the included studies reported this outcome.
Level of evidence of the literature
According to GRADE, observational studies start at a low level of evidence.
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure uterine rupture was downgraded by 1 level to ‘very low’ because of risk of bias (as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural in most studies, it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline (selection bias)).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure mode of birth was downgraded by 1 level to ‘very low’ because of risk of bias (as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural in most studies, it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline (selection bias)).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure maternal mortality was downgraded by 1 level to ‘very low’ because of risk of bias (unclear whether groups were different at baseline (selection bias)) and imprecision (no cases reported).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure postpartum haemorrhage was downgraded by 1 level to ‘very low’ because of risk of bias (as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural in most studies, it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline (selection bias)) and imprecision (no exact data reported).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure perinatal mortality was downgraded by 1 level to ‘very low’ because of risk of bias (as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural, it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline (selection bias)) and imprecision (small number of cases reported; the 95% confidence interval crossed the lines of no (clinically relevant) effect).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measure Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes was downgraded by 1 level to ‘very low’ because of risk of bias (as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural, it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline (selection bias)) and imprecision (small number of cases reported; the 95% confidence interval crossed the lines of no (clinically relevant) effect).
The level of evidence regarding the outcome measures traumatic experience of delivery, failure to progress, pain relief, perineal trauma, patient satisfaction, bonding (mother-child), successful breastfeeding at 6 weeks, infections (perinatal), hospital/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)-admission assessed with GRADE. These outcome measures were not studied in the included studies.
Zoeken en selecteren
A systematic review of the literature was performed to answer the following question:
What are the maternal and neonatal effects of epidural analgesia compared to no epidural analgesia in women who had one or more previous caesarean deliveries and a wish for epidural analgesia?
P: Pregnant women with one or more previous caesarean deliveries undergoing a trial of labour;
I: Epidural analgesia;
C: No epidural analgesia;
O: Maternal outcome measures: uterine rupture, traumatic experience of delivery, mode of birth (spontaneous vaginal, instrumental, or caesarean section (indication for caesarean delivery (failure to progress, or fetal distress)), failure to progress, maternal mortality, postpartum haemorrhage, pain relief (other than epidural analgesia), perineal trauma, patient satisfaction, bonding (mother-child), successful breastfeeding at 6 weeks. neonatal outcome measures: perinatal mortality, infections, Apgar-score < 7 at 5 minutes, hospital/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)-admission.
Relevant outcome measures
The guideline development group considered uterine rupture as a critical outcome measure for decision making; and traumatic experience of delivery, mode of birth (spontaneous vaginal, instrumental, or caesarean section (indication for caesarean delivery (failure to progress, or foetal distress)), failure to progress, maternal mortality, postpartum haemorrhage, pain relief, perineal trauma, patient satisfaction, bonding (mother-child), successful breastfeeding at 6 weeks, perinatal mortality, infections, Apgar-score < 7 at 5 minutes, and hospital/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)-admission as important outcome measures for decision making.
A priori, the working group did not define the outcome measures listed above but used the definitions used in the studies.
For the outcome measures maternal mortality and perinatal mortality any statistically significant difference was considered as a clinically important difference between groups. For all other outcome measures, the GRADE default - a difference of 25% in the relative risk for dichotomous outcomes (Schünemann, 2013) and 0.5 standard deviation for continuous outcomes - was taken as a minimal clinically important difference.
Search and select (Methods)
The databases Medline (via OVID) and Embase (via Embase.com) were searched with relevant search terms until July, 30 2020. The detailed search strategy is depicted under the tab Methods. The systematic literature search resulted in 286 hits. Studies were selected based on the following criteria 1) studies reporting pregnant women with one or more previous caesarean deliveries 2) study compared one or more of the selected outcomes between women attempting Trial of labour after caesarean section (TOLAC) with and without epidural analgesia. 33 studies were initially selected based on title and abstract screening. After reading the full text, 23 studies were excluded (see the table with reasons for exclusion under the tab Methods) and 10 studies were included.
Results
Ten studies were included in the analysis of the literature. Important study characteristics and results are summarized in the evidence tables. The assessment of the risk of bias is summarized in the risk of bias tables.
Referenties
- Andersen, M. M., Thisted, D. L., Amer-Wåhlin, I., Krebs, L., & Danish CTG Monitoring During VBAC Study Group. (2016). Can intrapartum cardiotocography predict uterine rupture among women with prior caesarean delivery?: a population based case-control study. PloS one, 11(2), e0146347.
- Ayres, A. W., Johnson, T. R. B., & Hayashi, R. (2001). Characteristics of fetal heart rate tracings prior to uterine rupture. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 74(3), 235-240.
- Cahill, A. G., Odibo, A. O., Allsworth, J. E., & Macones, G. A. (2010). Frequent epidural dosing as a marker for impending uterine rupture in patients who attempt vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 202(4), 355-e1.
- Johnson, C., Oriol, N., & Flood, K. (1991). Trial of labor: A study of 110 patients. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 3(3), 216-218.
- Miller, M., & Leader, L. R. (1992). Vaginal delivery after caesarean section. Australian and New Zealand journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 32(3), 213-215.
- Miller, N., Pelleg, M., Hag-Yahia, N., Daykan, Y., Pasternak, Y., & Biron-Shental, T. (2019). Labor progression of women attempting vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery with or without epidural analgesia. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 299(1), 129-134.
- Molloy, B. G., Sheil, O., & Duignan, N. M. (1987). Delivery after caesarean section: review of 2176 consecutive cases. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 294(6588), 1645-1647.
- Nguyen, T. V., Dinh, T. V., Suresh, M. S., Kinch, R. A., & Anderson, G. D. (1992). Vaginal birth after cesarean section at the University of Texas. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 37(10), 880-882.
- Pryor, E. C., Mertz, H. L., Beaver, B. W., Koontz, G., Martinez-Borges, A., Smith, J. G., & Merrill, D. (2007). Intrapartum predictors of uterine rupture. American journal of perinatology, 24(05), 317-321.
- Rageth, J. C., Juzi, C., & Grossenbacher, H. (1999). Delivery after previous cesarean: a risk evaluation. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 93(3), 332-337.
- Ridgeway, J. J., Weyrich, D. L., & Benedetti, T. J. (2004). Fetal heart rate changes associated with uterine rupture. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 103(3), 506-512.
- Sakala, E. P., Kaye, S. A. R. A. H., Murray, R. D., & Munson, L. J. (1990). Oxytocin use after previous cesarean: why a higher rate of failed labor trial?. Obstetrics and gynecology, 75(3 Pt 1), 356-359.
- Sheiner, E., Levy, A., Ofir, K., Hadar, A., Shoham-Vardi, I., Hallak, M., ... & Mazor, M. (2004). Changes in fetal heart rate and uterine patterns associated with uterine rupture. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 49(5), 373-378.
- Stovall, T. G., Shaver, D. C., Solomon, S. K., & Anderson, G. D. (1987). Trial of labor in previous cesarean section patients, excluding classical cesarean sections. Obstetrics and gynecology, 70(5), 713-717.
- Studsgaard, A., Skorstengaard, M., Glavind, J., Hvidman, L., & Uldbjerg, N. (2013). Trial of labor compared to repeat cesarean section in women with no other risk factors than a prior cesarean delivery. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 92(11), 1256-1263.
- van der Merwe, A. M., Thompson, J. M., & Ekeroma, A. J. (2013). Factors affecting vaginal birth after caesarean section at Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. NZ Med J, 126(1383), 49-57.
Evidence tabellen
Evidence table for intervention studies (randomized controlled trials and non-randomized observational studies (cohort studies, case-control studies, case series))1
This table is also suitable for diagnostic studies (screening studies) that compare the effectiveness of two or more tests. This only applies if the test is included as part of a test-and-treat strategy - otherwise the evidence table for studies of diagnostic test accuracy should be used.
Research question: What are the maternal and neonatal effects of epidural anaesthesia compared to no epidural anaesthesia in women who had one or more previous caesarean deliveries and a wish for epidural anaesthesia?
Study reference |
Study characteristics |
Patient characteristics 2 |
Intervention (I) |
Comparison / control (C) 3
|
Follow-up |
Outcome measures and effect size 4 |
Comments |
Johnson, 1991 |
Type of study: retrospective cohort study
Setting and country: single hospital, USA.
Funding and conflicts of interest: not reported. |
Inclusion criteria: ASA physical status I and II parturients who attempted TOLAC
Exclusion criteria: not reported.
N total at baseline: 110 Intervention: 51 Control: 59
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD: not reported
Sex: 100%F
Groups comparable at baseline? Not tested.
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: data were collected between December 1987 and June 1988
Loss-to-follow-up: NA Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: Not reported, consecutive cases were selected. Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
|
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture Incomplete rupture is defined as a tear through the endometrial layer but leaving the myometrial layer intact. Complete rupture is defined as a tear through all the uterine layers, allowing direct communication with the peritoneal cavity.
All uterine ruptures: I: 3/51 C: 3/59
Incomplete ruptures: I: 3/51 C: 1/59
Complete ruptures: I: 0/51 C: 2/59
2. Traumatic birth experience Not reported
3. Mode of birth Defined as successful VBAC.
I: 37/51 C: 37/59
Outcomes 4 through 15 were not reported in text |
NB: all patients were offered epidural analgesia for labor, but not all accepted/ wanted this.
Objective: to determine whether epidural analgesia is unsafe for TOLAC
Authors’ conclusions: uterine rupture presents as monitored fetal distress rather than abdominal pain. Thus epidural analgesia can be used in patients attempting TOL. |
Lin Jing, 2019 |
Type of study: prospective study
Setting and country: single hospital affiliated with University medical school, China.
Funding and conflicts of interest: This work was supported by the Project of Science and Technology commission of Shanghai Municipality of China (grant number 15411964200). The authors report no conflict of interest. |
Inclusion criteria: a desire for a vaginal delivery and knowledge of the risks; submitting a consent form signed during pregnancy; history of only one C-sections with a transverse incision in the lower uterine segment; singleton birth with cephalic presentation; interdelivery interval after the C-section >=18 months; continuous myometrial tissue of the uterine scar on ultrasound examination; and estimated neonatal birth weight <4000 g
Exclusion criteria: confirmed classical, longitudinal, or T-shaped incision from the previous C-section; history of two or more uterine surgeries; history of uterine rupture or other incision-related complications; and causes of other contraindications of vaginal delivery.
N total at baseline: 162 Intervention: 105 Control: 57
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD: not reported per group. Total: Mean 33.2 SD 4.1 years
Sex: 100%F
Groups comparable at baseline? Not tested for differences between epidural and no epidural. |
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: August 2016 to December 2017
Loss-to-follow-up: NA Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: Not reported, consecutive cases were selected. Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
|
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture Not reported
2. Traumatic birth experience Not reported
3. Mode of birth Defined as successful VBAC.
I: 94/105 C: 47/57
Outcomes 4-5 were not reported in text
6. postpartum haemorrhage Not defined in text, presumably analysed as mean mL blood loss.
Postpartum haemorrhage did not differ between groups (P>0.05). Data not shown.
Outcomes 7-13 were not reported in text
14. Apgar-score <7 at 5 minutes
Apgar score did not differ between groups (P>0.05). Data not shown.
Outcome 15 was not reported in text
|
Objective: To explore factors that can be used to predict successful vaginal births after cesarean (VBAC) and its outcome.
Authors’ conclusions: Our study found Bishop’s score, estimated fetal weight, gestational week at labor, spontaneous labour, and previous Csection while in labor can be used as predictors of VBAC. Among them, Bishop’s score and spontaneous labour independently influenced VBAC success. The prediction model based on the above factors can effectively predict the success rate of VBAC. Because of the optimistic pregnancy outcome of VBAC, we should encourage eligible women to choose trial delivery. Analgesia delivery can be provided as a humanized measure in VBAC
NB: uni- and multivariate analysis were conducted to assess predictors of successful VBAC. Epidural analgesia was not included in the multivariate model, as it was not univariately associated with the outcome. |
Miller, 1992 |
Type of study: retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data of consecutive cases.
Setting and country: single hospital, Australia.
Funding and conflicts of interest: not reported. |
Inclusion criteria: patients who had one or more previous cesarean section and attempting TOLAC (in this analysis)
Exclusion criteria: twins or breech presentation.
N total at baseline: 125 Intervention: 61 Control: 64
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD: not reported.
Sex: 100%F
Groups comparable at baseline? Not tested.
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: data were collected between July 1989 – June 1990
Loss-to-follow-up: NA Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: not reported, presumably only complete cases were selected. Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe) |
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture: Not defined in text.
I: 1/61 C: 0/64
2. Traumatic birth experience Not reported
3. Mode of birth Defined as successful VBAC.
I: 48/61 C: 32/64
Outcomes 4-15 were not reported in text
|
Objective: review the management of women with a previous Caesarean section delivering in a Sydney teaching hospital, to determine those variables which may influence the likelihood of vaginal delivery and assess the perinatal and maternal morbidity associated with vaginal delivery after Caesarean section.
Authors’ conclusions: We conclude that vaginal delivery after lower segment Caesarean section is safe and should be considered in most patients after a critical review of the indication for the first Caesarean section. |
Molloy, 1987 |
Type of study: retrospective cohort study of consecutive cases.
Setting and country: single hospital, UK.
Funding and conflicts of interest: not reported. |
Inclusion criteria: patients who had one previous cesarean section.
Exclusion criteria: not reported.
N total at baseline: 1781 Intervention: 85 Control: 1696
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD: not reported.
Sex: 100%F
Groups comparable at baseline? Not tested.
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: data were collected between 1979-1984.
Loss-to-follow-up: NA Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: not reported, presumably only complete cases were selected. Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe) |
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture: Not defined in text.
I: 4/85 C: 4/1696
Outcomes 2 through 11 were not reported
12. Perinatal death Defined as intrapartum fetal death
I: 0/87 C: 1/1696
Outcomes 13-14-15 were not reported in text. |
|
Nguyen, 1992 |
Type of study: retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data of consecutive cases.
Setting and country: single hospital, USA.
Funding and conflicts of interest: not reported. |
Inclusion criteria: patients undergoing TOLAC.
Exclusion criteria: not reported.
N total at baseline: 242 Intervention: 70 Control: 172
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD: not reported.
Sex: 100%F
Groups comparable at baseline? Not tested.
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: data were collected between January 1987 to September 1989.
Loss-to-follow-up: NA Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: not reported, presumably only complete cases were selected. Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe) |
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture: Not reported.
2. Traumatic birth experience Not reported
3. Mode of birth Defined as successful VBAC.
I: 66/70 C: 118/172
Outcomes 4-15 were not reported in text
|
Objective: to assess risks and complications of vaginal birth after CS and its outcome in connection with indications for previous CS.
Authors’ conclusions: the use of epidural analgesia and oxytocin may enhance the success of vaginal delivery in women undergoing a trial of labor following an earlier caesarean section.
|
Rageth, 1999 |
Type of study: retrospective database analysis of prospectively collected data
Setting and country: hospital data, collected for quality control purposes, Switzerland
Funding and conflicts of interest: not reported |
Inclusion criteria:
Exclusion criteria: twin pregnancies
N total at baseline: 17613 Intervention: 1497 Control: 16116
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD: not reported per group. <30 years 8640 (49%)
Sex: 100%F
Groups comparable at baseline? Not tested, as group characteristics were not compared based on epidural status.
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: data were collected between 1983 and 1996
Loss-to-follow-up: NA Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: not reported, presumably only complete cases were selected. Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe) |
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture: Not defined in text.
I: 17/1497 C: 53/16116
RR 2.88 (1.86 – 4.46)
Outcomes 2 through 15 were not reported in text |
Objective: to examine the risks of vaginal delivery after previous caesarean and to find criteria to help decide whether a TOLAC should be preferred.
Authors’ conclusions: a history of caesarean delivery significantly elevates the risks for mother and child in future deliveries. Nonetheless, a TOLAC is safe. Induction of labor, epidural analgesia, failure to progress, and abnormal fetal heart rate pattern are all associated with failure of TOLAC and uterine rupture. |
Sakala, 1990 |
Type of study: retrospective cohort study.
Setting and country: tertiary perinatal centre, USA.
Funding and conflicts of interest: not reported. |
Inclusion criteria: one lower segment transverse caesarean delivery and the patient’s request for TOL.
Exclusion criteria: breech presentation, multiple gestation, and obstetric contraindications to labor.
N total at baseline: 237 Intervention: 87 Control: 150* 104/150 received narcotics sedative combinations.
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD: I: 27.2 SD 4.4 C: 27.4 SD 5.0
Sex: 100%F
Groups comparable at baseline? Yes, except for dilation (cm), which was 3.0 SD 1.5 versus 3.8 versus 2.5 between groups (P<0.01).
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: data were collected from October 1984 to April 1986
Loss-to-follow-up: NA Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: not reported, presumably only patients with complete data were selected. Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
|
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture: Defined as ‘overt uterine rupture’
I: 0/87 C: 0/150
Scar dehiscence occurred in: I: 4/87 C: 1/150
2. Traumatic birth experience Not reported
3. Mode of birth Defined as successful VBAC
I: 76/87 C: 125/150
Operative vaginal delivery: I: 28/87 C: 29/150
Outcomes 4 through 11 were not reported in text
14. Apgar-score <7 at 5 minutes
I: 4/87 C: 13/150
Outcome 15 not reported in text. |
|
Stovall, 1987 |
Type of study: one-year prospective study.
Setting and country: single center, USA.
Funding and conflicts of interest: not reported. |
Inclusion criteria: patients with a previous caesarean section (lower uterine segment transverse c-section or previous lower uterine segment vertical c-section, regardless of number) attempting TOLAC.
Exclusion criteria: 1) a previous classical caesarean section; 2) a previous low vertical CS in preterm pregnancy, such as preterm breech delivery; 3)a lower uterine segment transverse scar and a lower uterine segment vertical scar; 4) a failed trial of labor after their primary CS.
N total at baseline: 272 Intervention: 153 Control: 119
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD: not reported per group.
Sex: 100%F
Groups comparable at baseline? Not tested.
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: data were collected between July 1985- July 1986.
Loss-to-follow-up: NA
Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: not reported, presumably only complete cases were selected.
Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
|
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture Defined as: dehiscence requiring surgical interventions or bloom component replacement for dehiscence that is palpable and/or visualized defect in the previous uterine scar.
I: 1/153 C: 0/119
Wound dehiscence was defined as dehiscence that did not require surgical intervention or blood component replacement (also termed uterine windows).
N=6 wound dehiscence, unknown status epidural yes/no.
2. Traumatic birth experience Not reported
3. Mode of birth Defined as successful VBAC I: 114/153 C: 102/119
Outcome 4 was not reported.
5. Maternal death Not defined in text.
I: 0/153 C: 0/119
Outcomes 6 through 11 were not reported
12. Perinatal death Not defined in text.
I: 0/153 C: 0/119
Outcomes 13-15 were not reported |
Objective: to present the results of a year-long prospective study in which the indications for trial of labor were liberalized.
Authors’ conclusions: the results of this study suggest that a trial of labor is a safe alternative for patients with a previous single or multiple lower uterine transverse incision or a lower uterine vertical incision. In addition, the use of epidural analgesia and oxytocin appears safe in patients undergoing a trial of labor. |
Studsgaard, 2013 |
Type of study: prospective cohort study
Setting and country: University hospital, Denmark
Funding and conflicts of interest: The authors have stated explicitly that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with this article. The study was conducted without any use of external funding |
Inclusion criteria: delivery between 1 March 2003 and 31 December 2010 among women with prior caesarean delivery (referred to as the index caesarean)
Exclusion criteria: diabetes, two prior cesarean sections, any vaginal delivery after the index cesarean, twin gestation, gestational age <37+0 weeks and antepartum stillbirth.
N total at baseline: 1161 Intervention: 558 Control: 603
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD (not stratified for epidural analgesia yes/no): <30 years : 285 (24.5%) 30-34 years: 603 (51.9%) >=35 years: 273 (23.5%)
Sex: 100%F
Groups comparable at baseline? Not tested, as group characteristics were not compared based on epidural status.
|
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: data were collected between 1 March 2003 and 31 December 2010.
Loss-to-follow-up: NA
Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: not reported, presumably only complete cases were selected.
Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
|
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture: Defined as complete if the rupture included myometrium, peritoneum and fetal membranes. Incomplete ruptures (dehiscence) included rupture of the myometrium but with intact peritoneum and/or fetal membranes. Reported below are the total number of complete and incomplete ruptures, not stratified further in text.
I: 24/558 C: 12/603 OR 2.2 (95%CI 1.1-4.9)
All cases of uterine rupture occurred in women who did not have a previous vaginal birth.
2. Traumatic birth experience Not reported
3. Mode of birth Defined as successful VBAC
I: 353/558* C: 430/603
*of which 250/353 non-instrumental vaginal birth; 103/353 vacuum extraction.
Outcomes 4 through 15 were not reported in text |
Study objective: To compare outcomes with trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) or elective repeat cesarean delivery on maternal request (ERCD-MR). We here report the results of the TOLAC group only.
Authors’ conclusions: TOLAC is an acceptable individualized option for women without major risk factors. |
Van der Merwe, 2013 |
Type of study: retrospective cohort study.
Setting and country: tertiary referral centre, New Zealand.
Funding and conflicts of interest: competing interests were not identified. Source of funding was not reported. |
Inclusion criteria: women who delivered a singleton baby in 2008 and 2009, with at least one previous lower segment caesarean section who chose to have a VBAC and were assessed eligible by an obstetrician for a TOL
Exclusion criteria: elective caesarean delivery due to the woman’s personal choice, non-vertex presentation, gestation of less than 24 completed weeks, classical caesarean section, severe preeclampsia, placenta praevia, maternal medical condition necessitating urgent delivery and multiple gestation.
N total at baseline: Intervention: Control:
Important prognostic factors2: For example age ± SD: I: C:
Sex: I: % M C: % M
Groups comparable at baseline? |
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test): Epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test): No epidural analgesia during TOLAC
|
Length of follow-up: data were collected between 2008-2009.
Loss-to-follow-up: NA
Intervention: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: N (%) Reasons (describe)
Incomplete outcome data: 0
Intervention: 0 N (%) Reasons (describe)
Control: 0 N (%) Reasons (describe)
|
Outcome measures and effect size (include 95%CI and p-value if available):
1. Uterine rupture Not defined in text.
I: 0/296 C: 0/510
2. Traumatic birth experience Not reported
3. Mode of birth Defined as successful VBAC
I: 141/296 C: 451/510
Univariate analysis: OR 0.12 (95%CI 0.08-0.17)
Multivariate analysis: Epidural anaesthesia was associated with a reduced VBAC success (OR 0.18; 95%CI 0.12–0.28) and this was also found in P1 (women of single parity) (OR 0.20; 95%CI 0.12–0.34). Other predictors included in multivariate model: ethnicity, previous vaginal delivery, previous VBAC, maternal BMI, induction of labor. Outcomes 4 through 15 were not reported in text |
Objective: To determine factors associated with vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) in women delivering at Middlemore Hospital (MMH).
Authors’ conclusions: The VBAC rate at MMH in 2008–2009 was 73% and was higher in women who had a previous VBAC. The VBAC rate is lower in women with a high BMI of single parity and where progress of labour was slow. This information is important in counselling women with a previous caesarean section who are considering a VBAC. |
Notes:
- Prognostic balance between treatment groups is usually guaranteed in randomized studies, but non-randomized (observational) studies require matching of patients between treatment groups (case-control studies) or multivariate adjustment for prognostic factors (confounders) (cohort studies); the evidence table should contain sufficient details on these procedures.
- Provide data per treatment group on the most important prognostic factors ((potential) confounders).
- For case-control studies, provide sufficient detail on the procedure used to match cases and controls.
- For cohort studies, provide sufficient detail on the (multivariate) analyses used to adjust for (potential) confounders.
Risk of bias table for intervention studies (observational: non-randomized clinical trials, cohort and case-control studies)
Research question: What are the maternal and neonatal effects of epidural anaesthesia compared to no epidural anaesthesia in women who had one or more previous caesarean deliveries and a wish for epidural anaesthesia?
Study reference
(first author, year of publication) |
Bias due to a non-representative or ill-defined sample of patients?1
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Bias due to insufficiently long, or incomplete follow-up, or differences in follow-up between treatment groups?2
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Bias due to ill-defined or inadequately measured outcome ?3
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Bias due to inadequate adjustment for all important prognostic factors?4
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Johnson, 1991 |
Unclear, patient characteristics not reported. |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unclear, baseline patient characteristics not reported. |
Lin Jing, 2019 |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unclear, as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline. |
Nguyen, 1992 |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unclear, as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline. |
Miller, 1992 |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unclear, as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline. |
Molloy, 1987 |
Unclear, patient characteristics not reported. |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unclear, as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline. |
Rageth, 1999 |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unclear, as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline. |
Sakala, 1990 |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Stovall, 1987 |
Unclear, patient characteristics not reported. |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unclear, baseline patient characteristics not reported. |
Studsgaard, 2013 |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unclear, as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline. |
Van der Merwe, 2013 |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unlikely |
Unclear, as it was not the primary purpose to compare women with and without epidural it is unclear whether groups were different at baseline. |
- Failure to develop and apply appropriate eligibility criteria: a) case-control study: under- or over-matching in case-control studies; b) cohort study: selection of exposed and unexposed from different populations.
- 2 Bias is likely if: the percentage of patients lost to follow-up is large; or differs between treatment groups; or the reasons for loss to follow-up differ between treatment groups; or length of follow-up differs between treatment groups or is too short. The risk of bias is unclear if: the number of patients lost to follow-up; or the reasons why, are not reported.
- Flawed measurement, or differences in measurement of outcome in treatment and control group; bias may also result from a lack of blinding of those assessing outcomes (detection or information bias). If a study has hard (objective) outcome measures, like death, blinding of outcome assessment is not necessary. If a study has “soft” (subjective) outcome measures, like the assessment of an X-ray, blinding of outcome assessment is necessary.
- Failure to adequately measure all known prognostic factors and/or failure to adequately adjust for these factors in multivariate statistical analysis.
Table of excluded studies
Author and year |
Reason for exclusion |
Amir, 1987 |
Voldoet niet aan PICO (vrouwen met een eerdere CS hadden in het betreffende ziekenhuis geen optie voor electieve CS, iedereen kreeg TOLAC en niemand weigerde dit zogenaamd. Risico op selectiebias dermate). Succesrate TOL bijvoorbeeld epidural |
Barger, 2011 |
Case-control studie (rupture & epidural (table III)) |
Bretelle, 2001 |
Voldoet niet aan PICO (artikel voor UV3) |
Cahill, 2010 |
Voldoet niet aan PICO (alle vrouwen kregen epidurale anesthesie) |
Carlsson, 1980 |
Voldoet niet aan de PICO: vergelijkt extradural block met analgesia with ketobemidone or nitrous oxide in oxygen intermittently, or both. |
Caughey, 1999 |
Voldoet niet aan de PICO: niet juiste vergelijking/outcome |
Charrat, 1991 |
artikel in Frans |
Grylka-Baeschlin, 2019 |
Voldoet niet aan de PICO (niet juiste vergelijking) |
Hesselman, 2015 |
Voldoet niet aan de PICO, uterusruptuur na verschillende sluitingstechnieken |
Johnson, 1990 |
Geen origineel onderzoek (beschreven artikelen zijn nagekeken, reeds geïncludeerd in onze eigen search of opgevraagd) |
Kolle-Frick, 1984 |
artikel in Duits |
Leung, 1993 |
Case-control studie (Tabel 1 ruptuur #epiduraal) |
Markou, 2017 |
Voldoet niet aan de PICO (alle vrouwen hadden een uterus ruptuur) |
Meehan , 1989 |
voldoet niet aan PICO (regional analgesia (niet expliciteerd louter epiduraal)) |
Meehan , 1989 |
Voldoet niet aan PICO (wordt niet naar epiduraal ja/nee gekeken). |
Melamed, 2009 |
Voldoet niet aan de PICO (niet juiste vergelijking) |
Miller, 2019 |
Voldoet niet aan PICO (uitkomstmaat is duur van de bevalling) |
Nielsen, 1989 |
Voldoet niet aan de PICO (geen vergelijking epiduraal versus geen epiduraal) |
Qureshi, 2014 |
Voldoet niet aan de PICO (niet juiste vergelijking (induced versus spontaneous)) |
Rotem, 2020 |
Voldoet niet aan PICO (artikel voor UV3) |
Thisted, 2017 |
Case-control studie (rupture & epidural (table III) |
Thisted, 2015 |
Voldoet niet aan de PICO, niet juiste populatie: without previous SC |
Zwart, 2009 |
Niet juiste vergelijking (P=vrouwen met uterus ruptuur (ongeacht VBAC)) |
Verantwoording
Autorisatiedatum en geldigheid
Laatst beoordeeld : 26-06-2023
Laatst geautoriseerd : 26-06-2023
Geplande herbeoordeling :
Algemene gegevens
De ontwikkeling/herziening van deze richtlijnmodule werd ondersteund door het Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medisch Specialisten (www.demedischspecialist.nl/kennisinstituut) en werd gefinancierd uit de Stichting Kwaliteitsgelden Medisch Specialisten (SKMS). De financier heeft geen enkele invloed gehad op de inhoud van de richtlijnmodule.
Samenstelling werkgroep
Voor het ontwikkelen van de richtlijnmodule is in 2019 een werkgroep ingesteld, bestaande uit vertegenwoordigers van alle relevante specialismen (zie hiervoor de Samenstelling van de werkgroep) die betrokken zijn bij de zorg voor vrouwen met sectio in de voorgeschiedenis en zwangerschapscholestase.
Werkgroep
- Dr. C.J. (Caroline) Bax, gynaecoloog-perinatoloog, werkzaam in het Amsterdam UMC locatie AMC, NVOG, voorzitter stuurgroep
- Dr. S.V. (Steven) Koenen, gynaecoloog, werkzaam in het ETZ, Tilburg, NVOG, lid stuurgroep
- Dr. J.J. (Hans) Duvekot, gynaecoloog, werkzaam in het Erasmus Medisch Centrum te Rotterdam, NVOG, lid stuurgroep
- Drs. R. (Robin) Huizing, gynaecoloog, werkzaam in het Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, NVOG
- Drs. E.C. (Eline) van der Wilk, gynaecoloog, werkzaam in het Erasmus Medisch Centrum te Rotterdam, NVOG
- Dr. M. Depmann, gynaecoloog, werkzaam in het Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, NVOG.
- Dr. A. (Anneke) Kwee, gynaecoloog, werkzaam in het Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, NVOG
- Dr. J.J. (Joepe) Kaandorp, werkzaam in het Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, NVOG
- Dr. A.T. (Titia) Lely, gynaecoloog, werkzaam in het Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, NVOG.
- Dr. C.V. (Christian) Hulzebos, Neonatoloog, werkzaam in het UMCG Beatrix Kinderziekenhuis, NVK
- Dr. H.P (Pauline) Haga-Gort, verloskundige, werkzaam als projectleider waardegedreven (geboorte)zorg Saxenburgh Medisch Centrum, Hardenberg, KNOV
- Drs. I.C.M. (Ingrid) Beenakkers, anesthesioloog, werkzaam in het Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, NVA
- Drs. M.L. (Mark) van Zuylen, anesthesioloog in opleiding in het Amsterdam UMC, NVA
- Dr. S. (Sabine) Logtenberg, klinisch verloskundige, werkzaam in OLVG Oost Amsterdam en Academie Verloskunde Amsterdam Groningen, KNOV
- J. (Jacobien) Wagemaker MSc, Vereniging Care4Neo
- Mw I. (Ilse) van Ee, adviseur patiëntenbelang, Patiëntenfederatie Nederland.
- J.C. (Anne) Mooij MSc, adviseur, Patiëntenfederatie Nederland.
Meelezers
- Leden van de Otterlo - werkgroep (2020-2021)
Met ondersteuning van
- Dr. A. (Anne) Bijlsma-Rutte, adviseur, Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medisch Specialisten (tot augustus 2021)
- Dr. M.A.C. (Marleen) van Son, adviseur, Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medisch Specialisten
- Dr. L. (Laura) Viester, adviseur, Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medisch Specialisten
Belangenverklaringen
De Code ter voorkoming van oneigenlijke beïnvloeding door belangenverstrengeling is gevolgd. Alle werkgroepleden hebben schriftelijk verklaard of zij in de laatste drie jaar directe financiële belangen (betrekking bij een commercieel bedrijf, persoonlijke financiële belangen, onderzoeksfinanciering) of indirecte belangen (persoonlijke relaties, reputatiemanagement) hebben gehad. Gedurende de ontwikkeling of herziening van een module worden wijzigingen in belangen aan de voorzitter doorgegeven. De belangenverklaring wordt opnieuw bevestigd tijdens de commentaarfase.
Een overzicht van de belangen van werkgroepleden en het oordeel over het omgaan met eventuele belangen vindt u in onderstaande tabel. De ondertekende belangenverklaringen zijn op te vragen bij het secretariaat van het Kennisinstituut van de Federatie Medisch Specialisten.
Werkgroeplid |
Functie |
Nevenfuncties |
Gemelde belangen |
Ondernomen actie |
Bax (voorzitter stuurgroep) |
Gynaecoloog-perinatoloog Amsterdam UMC 0,8 fte |
Gastvrouw Hospice Xenia Leiden (onbetaald) Lid commissie kwaliteitsdocumenten NVOG Voorzitter 50 modulenproject NVOG Voorzitter commissie Otterlo NVOG Penningmeester werkgroep infectieziekten NVOG Lid kernteam NIPT consortium Lid werkgroep voorlichting en deskundigheidsbevordering RIVM Lid werkgroep implementatie scholing RIVM Lid werkgroep nevenbevindingen NIPT RIVM |
geen |
geen |
Duvekot (lid stuurgroep) |
Gynaecoloog, Erasmus MC (full time) |
Directeur 'medisch advies en expertise bureau Duvekot', Ridderkerk, ZZP'er |
Geen |
Geen |
Koenen (lid stuurgroep) |
Gynaecoloog, ETZ , Tilburg |
Incidenteel juridische expertise (betaald) |
Geen |
Geen |
Huizing |
Gynaecoloog in opleiding Erasmus MC |
Seksuoloog NVVS io onbetaald |
Geen |
Geen |
Van der Wilk |
Gynaecoloog -perinatoloog, Erasmus MC |
Niet van toepassing |
Geen |
Geen |
Kwee |
gynaecoloog UMC Utrecht, afdeling verloskunde (o.4 FTE) |
Adviescommissie zorgevaluatie FMS, niet betaald |
Geen |
Geen |
Kaandorp |
Gynaecoloog, Fellow Perinatologie Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht |
Bestuurslid werkgroep Perinatologie en Maternaly ziekten, onbetaald |
Geen |
Geen |
Lely |
Werkgroeplid |
Off-road commissie lid ZonMw (onkostenvergoeding, onbetaald) |
Geen |
Geen |
Depmann |
AIOS gynaecoloog & verloskunde Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht |
niet van toepassing |
Geen |
Geen |
Hulzebos |
Kinderarts-neonatoloog UMC Groningen |
NLS en NALS instructeur (tegen een vrijwilligersvergoeding) |
Geen |
Geen |
Beenakkers |
Anesthesioloog UMCU/WKZ |
Geen |
Geen |
Geen |
Van Zuylen |
Anesthesioloog, UMC, locatie AMC |
- |
Geen |
Geen |
Logtenberg |
Academie Verloskunde Amsterdam Groningen: 3 dagen docent |
Niet van toepassing |
Geen |
Geen |
Haga-Gort |
Verloskundige, Tot 1-4-2018 werkzaam als maat bij Verloskundige Praktijk De Nieuwe Vaart (Dedemsvaart) |
Voorheen voorzitter van de Verloskundige vereniging Hardenberg e.o. (vrijwilligersvergoeding) en lid van verschillende werkgroepen binnen het VSV (onbetaald). |
Geen |
Geen |
Mooij |
Adviseur Patientenbelang, Patientenfederatie Nederland |
Niet van toepassing |
Geen |
Geen |
Van Ee |
Adviseur Patientenbelang, Patientenfederatie. |
Vrijwilliger Psoriasispatiënten Nederland |
Geen |
Geen |
Wagemaker |
Projectleider PATH in het Maasstad Ziekenhuis Rotterdam 0,55 fte |
Vrijwilliger Vereniging van Ouders van Couveusekinderen - ervaringsexpert richtlijnontwikkeling, promotie Kwaliteitskader Kwaliteitscriteria VOC - soms vacatiegelden |
Geen |
Geen |
Inbreng patiëntenperspectief
Er werd aandacht besteed aan het patiëntenperspectief door uitnodigen van patiëntvertegenwoordigers van verschillende patiëntverenigingen voor de Invitational conference en afvaardigen van patiëntenverenigingen in de clusterwerkgroep. Het verslag hiervan is besproken in de werkgroep. De verkregen input is meegenomen bij het opstellen van de uitgangsvragen, de keuze voor de uitkomstmaten en bij het opstellen van de overwegingen (zie per module ook ‘Waarden en voorkeuren van patiënten (en eventueel hun verzorgers)’. De conceptrichtlijn wordt tevens ter commentaar voorgelegd aan de betrokken patiëntenverenigingen.
Werkwijze
AGREE
Deze richtlijnmodule is opgesteld conform de eisen vermeld in het rapport Medisch Specialistische Richtlijnen 2.0 van de adviescommissie Richtlijnen van de Raad Kwaliteit. Dit rapport is gebaseerd op het AGREE II instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II; Brouwers, 2010).
Knelpuntenanalyse en uitgangsvragen
Tijdens de voorbereidende fase inventariseerden de werkgroep de knelpunten in de zorg voor vrouwen met hypertensieve aandoeningen in de zwangerschap. Tevens zijn er knelpunten aangedragen door patiëntenverenigingen tijdens de Invitational conference. Een verslag hiervan is opgenomen onder aanverwante producten.
Op basis van de uitkomsten van de knelpuntenanalyse zijn door de werkgroep concept-uitgangsvragen opgesteld en definitief vastgesteld.
Uitkomstmaten
Na het opstellen van de zoekvraag behorende bij de uitgangsvraag inventariseerde de werkgroep welke uitkomstmaten voor de patiënt relevant zijn, waarbij zowel naar gewenste als ongewenste effecten werd gekeken. Hierbij werd een maximum van acht uitkomstmaten gehanteerd. De werkgroep waardeerde deze uitkomstmaten volgens hun relatieve belang bij de besluitvorming rondom aanbevelingen, als cruciaal (kritiek voor de besluitvorming), belangrijk (maar niet cruciaal) en onbelangrijk. Tevens definieerde de werkgroep tenminste voor de cruciale uitkomstmaten welke verschillen zij klinisch (patiënt) relevant vonden.
Methode literatuursamenvatting
Een uitgebreide beschrijving van de strategie voor zoeken en selecteren van literatuur en de beoordeling van de risk-of-bias van de individuele studies is te vinden onder ‘Zoeken en selecteren’ onder Onderbouwing. De beoordeling van de kracht van het wetenschappelijke bewijs wordt hieronder toegelicht.
Beoordelen van de kracht van het wetenschappelijke bewijs
De kracht van het wetenschappelijke bewijs werd bepaald volgens de GRADE-methode. GRADE staat voor ‘Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation’ (zie http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/). De basisprincipes van de GRADE-methodiek zijn: het benoemen en prioriteren van de klinisch (patiënt) relevante uitkomstmaten, een systematische review per uitkomstmaat, en een beoordeling van de bewijskracht per uitkomstmaat op basis van de acht GRADE-domeinen (domeinen voor downgraden: risk of bias, inconsistentie, indirectheid, imprecisie, en publicatiebias; domeinen voor upgraden: dosis-effect relatie, groot effect, en residuele plausibele confounding).
GRADE onderscheidt vier gradaties voor de kwaliteit van het wetenschappelijk bewijs: hoog, redelijk, laag en zeer laag. Deze gradaties verwijzen naar de mate van zekerheid die er bestaat over de literatuurconclusie, in het bijzonder de mate van zekerheid dat de literatuurconclusie de aanbeveling adequaat ondersteunt (Schünemann, 2013; Hultcrantz, 2017).
GRADE |
Definitie |
Hoog |
|
Redelijk |
|
Laag |
|
Zeer laag |
|
Bij het beoordelen (graderen) van de kracht van het wetenschappelijk bewijs in richtlijnen volgens de GRADE-methodiek spelen grenzen voor klinische besluitvorming een belangrijke rol (Hultcrantz, 2017). Dit zijn de grenzen die bij overschrijding aanleiding zouden geven tot een aanpassing van de aanbeveling. Om de grenzen voor klinische besluitvorming te bepalen moeten alle relevante uitkomstmaten en overwegingen worden meegewogen. De grenzen voor klinische besluitvorming zijn daarmee niet één op één vergelijkbaar met het minimaal klinisch relevant verschil (Minimal Clinically Important Difference, MCID). Met name in situaties waarin een interventie geen belangrijke nadelen heeft en de kosten relatief laag zijn, kan de grens voor klinische besluitvorming met betrekking tot de effectiviteit van de interventie bij een lagere waarde (dichter bij het nuleffect) liggen dan de MCID (Hultcrantz, 2017).
Overwegingen (van bewijs naar aanbeveling)
Om te komen tot een aanbeveling zijn naast (de kwaliteit van) het wetenschappelijke bewijs ook andere aspecten belangrijk en worden meegewogen, zoals aanvullende argumenten uit bijvoorbeeld de biomechanica of fysiologie, waarden en voorkeuren van patiënten, kosten (middelenbeslag), aanvaardbaarheid, haalbaarheid en implementatie. Deze aspecten zijn systematisch vermeld en beoordeeld (gewogen) onder het kopje ‘Overwegingen’ en kunnen (mede) gebaseerd zijn op expert opinion. Hierbij is gebruik gemaakt van een gestructureerd format gebaseerd op het evidence-to-decision framework van de internationale GRADE Working Group (Alonso-Coello, 2016a; Alonso-Coello, 2016b). Dit evidence-to-decision framework is een integraal onderdeel van de GRADE-methodiek.
Formuleren van aanbevelingen
De aanbevelingen geven antwoord op de uitgangsvraag en zijn gebaseerd op het beschikbare wetenschappelijke bewijs en de belangrijkste overwegingen, en een weging van de gunstige en ongunstige effecten van de relevante interventies. De kracht van het wetenschappelijk bewijs en het gewicht dat door de werkgroep wordt toegekend aan de overwegingen, bepalen samen de sterkte van de aanbeveling. Conform de GRADE-methodiek sluit een lage bewijskracht van conclusies in de systematische literatuuranalyse een sterke aanbeveling niet a priori uit, en zijn bij een hoge bewijskracht ook zwakke aanbevelingen mogelijk (Agoritsas, 2017; Neumann, 2016). De sterkte van de aanbeveling wordt altijd bepaald door weging van alle relevante argumenten tezamen. De werkgroep heeft bij elke aanbeveling opgenomen hoe zij tot de richting en sterkte van de aanbeveling zijn gekomen.
In de GRADE-methodiek wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen sterke en zwakke (of conditionele) aanbevelingen. De sterkte van een aanbeveling verwijst naar de mate van zekerheid dat de voordelen van de interventie opwegen tegen de nadelen (of vice versa), gezien over het hele spectrum van patiënten waarvoor de aanbeveling is bedoeld. De sterkte van een aanbeveling heeft duidelijke implicaties voor patiënten, behandelaars en beleidsmakers (zie onderstaande tabel). Een aanbeveling is geen dictaat, zelfs een sterke aanbeveling gebaseerd op bewijs van hoge kwaliteit (GRADE-gradering HOOG) zal niet altijd van toepassing zijn, onder alle mogelijke omstandigheden en voor elke individuele patiënt.
Implicaties van sterke en zwakke aanbevelingen voor verschillende richtlijngebruikers |
||
|
Sterke aanbeveling |
Zwakke (conditionele) aanbeveling |
Voor patiënten |
De meeste patiënten zouden de aanbevolen interventie of aanpak kiezen en slechts een klein aantal niet. |
Een aanzienlijk deel van de patiënten zouden de aanbevolen interventie of aanpak kiezen, maar veel patiënten ook niet. |
Voor behandelaars |
De meeste patiënten zouden de aanbevolen interventie of aanpak moeten ontvangen. |
Er zijn meerdere geschikte interventies of aanpakken. De patiënt moet worden ondersteund bij de keuze voor de interventie of aanpak die het beste aansluit bij zijn of haar waarden en voorkeuren. |
Voor beleidsmakers |
De aanbevolen interventie of aanpak kan worden gezien als standaardbeleid. |
Beleidsbepaling vereist uitvoerige discussie met betrokkenheid van veel stakeholders. Er is een grotere kans op lokale beleidsverschillen. |
Organisatie van zorg
In de knelpuntenanalyse en bij de ontwikkeling van de richtlijnmodule is expliciet aandacht geweest voor de organisatie van zorg: alle aspecten die randvoorwaardelijk zijn voor het verlenen van zorg (zoals coördinatie, communicatie, (financiële) middelen, mankracht en infrastructuur). Randvoorwaarden die relevant zijn voor het beantwoorden van deze specifieke uitgangsvraag zijn genoemd bij de overwegingen. Meer algemene, overkoepelende, of bijkomende aspecten van de organisatie van zorg worden behandeld in de module Organisatie van zorg.
Commentaar- en autorisatiefase
De conceptrichtlijnmodule wordt aan de betrokken (wetenschappelijke) verenigingen en (patiënt) organisaties voorgelegd ter commentaar. De commentaren worden verzameld en besproken met de werkgroep. Naar aanleiding van de commentaren wordt de conceptrichtlijnmodule aangepast en definitief vastgesteld door de werkgroep. De definitieve richtlijnmodule wordt aan de deelnemende (wetenschappelijke) verenigingen en (patiënt) organisaties voorgelegd voor autorisatie en door hen geautoriseerd dan wel geaccordeerd.
Literatuur
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Neumann I, Santesso N, Akl EA, Rind DM, Vandvik PO, Alonso-Coello P, Agoritsas T, Mustafa RA, Alexander PE, Schünemann H, Guyatt GH. A guide for health professionals to interpret and use recommendations in guidelines developed with the GRADE approach. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 Apr;72:45-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.11.017. Epub 2016 Jan 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 26772609.
Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, et al. GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group, 2013. Available from http://gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org/central_prod/_design/client/handbook/handbook.html.
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Zoekverantwoording
Zoekacties zijn opvraagbaar. Neem hiervoor contact op met de Richtlijnendatabase.