Toedienen vocht bij BPD
Uitgangsvraag
Is het toedienen van een hogere versus lagere hoeveelheid vocht van invloed op het risico op BPD en/of de klachten/morbiditeit bij prematuren met een zich ontwikkelende dan wel vastgestelde BPD?
Aanbeveling
De werkgroep is van mening dat er geen aanbeveling kan worden gedaan omtrent de ideale vochtintake bij prematuren in het kader van preventie en/of behandeling van een zich ontwikkelende dan wel vastgestelde BPD. |
Overwegingen
De definitie van lage vochttoediening is in de studies niet eenduidig en sluit niet aan bij wat in Nederland gebruikelijk is. Beperkte vochttoediening komt soms eerder overeen met wat hier als normaal wordt gezien en standaard vochttoediening varieerde tot 200 ml/kg/dag. Ook de timing en de duur van de beperkte vochtinname verschilde per studie. Gezien de diversiteit in hoeveelheid vochttoediening en het feit dat BPD vaker bij 28 dagen dan bij 36 weken PML werd vastgesteld, is de werkgroep van mening dat zij beperkt wordt in het trekken van duidelijke conclusies. Een goede aanbeveling is dan ook niet te maken.
Onderbouwing
Achtergrond
De meeste prematuren met een AD <32 weken zijn, zeker in de eerste periode, niet in staat om voldoende vocht en nutriënten oraal tot zich te nemen. Zij zijn afhankelijk van sondevoeding en IV-toediening van vocht en voedingsstoffen. Het beoordelen van de juiste hoeveelheid dagelijkse vochtintake van een prematuur is niet eenvoudig. Prematuren hebben een groter insensible vochtverlies dan a term geborenen, kinderen of volwassenen. Hun nieren hebben beperkte capaciteit tot concentratie. Dat resulteert in een gebrek aan eigen mogelijkheden van de prematuur om de waterhuishouding in balans te houden. Onvoldoende vochttoediening zou kunnen leiden tot dehydratie, electrolytstoornissen en nierfalen. Overmatige vochttoediening zou bijvoorbeeld kunnen bijdragen aan PDA en BPD.
Conclusies
Zeer laag |
Er is geen verschil in incidentie van BPD bij 36 weken PML bij toepassen van beperkte vochtinname bij prematuren in vergelijking met ruime vochtinname. |
Matig |
Er is geen verschil in mortaliteit bij toepassen van beperkte vochtinname bij prematuren in vergelijking met ruime vochtinname. |
Algehele kwaliteit van bewijs* = zeer laag |
*De algehele kwaliteit van het bewijs wordt bepaald door de cruciale uitkomstmaat met de laagste kwaliteit van bewijs.
Samenvatting literatuur
Beschrijving literatuurselectie
De initiële literatuursearch leverde 53 potentieel relevante artikelen op. Na selectie bleven er vijf over, waarvan twee CR’s (Bell, 2008; Anabrees, 2011) en drie RCT’s (Bell, 1980; Kavvadia, 2000; Tammela, 1992). De drie RCT’s bleken alle geïncludeerd in één van de CR’s, waardoor twee CR’s overbleven.
Bij herhaling van de zoekstrategie werd een update van één van de twee oorspronkelijke CR’s gevonden (Bell, 2014) en een nieuwe CR (Barrington, 2017), waardoor deze drie CR’s de basis vormen voor dit vraagstuk (Anabrees, 2011; Bell, 2014; Barrington 2017).
Beschrijving studies
In de CR van Anabrees (2011) werden (semi)gerandomiseerde studies gezocht die indomethacine profylaxe en vochtbeperking vergeleek met alleen indomethacine profylaxe bij pasgeborenen met een extreem laag geboortegewicht (<1.000 gram). De vochtbeperking was gericht op het bereiken van minimaal 10% gewichtsverlies in de eerste levensweek. De primaire uitkomst was BPD bij 36 weken PML. Er werd gezocht vanaf 1966 tot december 2010, maar er konden geen studies worden geïncludeerd.
In de CR van Bell (2014) werd gezocht naar studies met pasgeborenen met een zwangerschapsduur <37 weken (dus niet alleen <32 weken AD). In twee van de vijf geïncludeerde (semi)gerandomiseerde studies was de zwangerschapsduur niet helder en in de overige drie studies was de gemiddelde zwangerschapsduur <32 weken. Deze review had als doel het effect na te gaan van vroege vochtinname op gewichtsverlies, het risico op dehydratie en andere morbiditeit en mortaliteit bij premature pasgeborenen. De primaire uitkomstmaten waren gewichtsverlies en dehydratie. Elke studie vergeleek twee groepen, waarvan één de gebruikelijke vochtinname kreeg en de andere beperkte vochtinname. De timing en duur van vochtinname verschilden in de studies: start in de eerste 72 uur na de geboorte tot 30 dagen, start in de eerste 24 uur tot 28 dagen of tijdens de eerste drie, vijf of zeven dagen na de geboorte. Ook de definities van gebruikelijke (tot maximaal 200 ml/kg/dag vanaf dag zeven) en beperkte vochtinname (tot maximaal 150 ml/kg/dag vanaf dag zeven), verschilden tussen de studies. De relevante uitkomstmaten die werden bestudeerd, waren BPD en mortaliteit gedurende ziekenhuisopname. Echter, van de geïncludeerde studies was er slechts één die BPD bij 36 weken PML rapporteerde, terwijl de overige bij 28 dagen de oude BPD-diagnose rapporteerde. Deze uitkomstmaat werd niet meegenomen conform de afspraken. Derhalve werd bij 168 prematuren onderzocht wat het effect van vochtrestrictie was op BPD bij 36 weken PML en bij 582 prematuren werd nagegaan of zij overleden gedurende ziekenhuisopname.
Bij de search voor de update van de BPD-richtlijn werd een nieuwe CR van Barrington (2017) gevonden die studies includeerde die onderzochten of vochtrestrictie effectief was in een groep kinderen met een vroege diagnose van BPD (bij 28 dagen) op het uiteindelijk krijgen van de diagnose van BPD bij 36 weken. Er werd één studie geïncludeerd die 60 kinderen randomiseerde. De kinderen werden verdeeld in een groep met 180 ml/kg/dag vochtinname en vergeleken met 145 ml/kg/dag vochtinname met verrijkte voeding. Helaas rapporteerden ze geen van de uitkomsten die gedefinieerd waren voor de richtlijn.
Kwaliteit van het bewijs
In één van de studies waarin mortaliteit werd bestudeerd was geen helderheid over de wijze van randomiseren en of alle patiënten in de analyse waren meegenomen. De steekproefgrootte was redelijk groot (>500), maar het aantal gebeurtenissen beperkt (<100). In de betrouwbaarheidsintervallen lag zowel een klinisch relevant effect als een verwaarloosbaar effect, waardoor voor de uitkomstmaat mortaliteit voor imprecisie werd afgewaardeerd. Hierdoor was de kwaliteit van het bewijs laag. Bij BPD werd bovendien afgewaardeerd voor risico op bias (geen blindering) en kleine steekproefgrootte. Daardoor was de kwaliteit van het bewijs voor deze uitkomst zeer laag.
Gewenste effecten
Het risico op mortaliteit liet geen verschil zien in de meta-analyse van vijf trials (RR 0,81; 95% BI 0,54 tot 1,23). Er was geen significant effect van vochtinname op het risico op BPD in de enige studie die BPD bij 36 weken rapporteerde (RR 0,95; 95% BI 0,57 tot 1,60).
Ongewenste effecten
De ongewenste effecten zijn niet meegenomen, omdat er geen significante gewenste effecten waren.
Zoeken en selecteren
De volgende PICO werd opgesteld voor deze uitgangsvraag:
P Prematuren met AD <32 weken:
a) met een zich ontwikkelende BPD;
b) met een vastgestelde BPD.
I Lagere hoeveelheid vochttoediening.
C Hogere hoeveelheid vochttoediening.
O Incidentie van (klachten van) BPD, gecombineerde uitkomst dood of BPD en bijwerkingen, zie tabel.
Bij deze uitgangsvraag werd gezocht in de periode 1980 tot 21 maart 2012. Voor de update van de richtlijn werd gezocht van maart 2012 tot en met 23 januari 2020.
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Verantwoording
Autorisatiedatum en geldigheid
Laatst beoordeeld : 11-03-2021
Laatst geautoriseerd : 11-03-2021
Geplande herbeoordeling : 01-01-2027
Doel en doelgroep
Doel
De doelen van deze richtlijn zijn:
- het uniform en beter identificeren van patiënten met BPD;
- formuleren van aanbevelingen ten aanzien van preventieve en therapeutische evidence-based behandeling;
- het beter registreren van patiënten met BPD.
Doelgroep
De doelgroep omvat pasgeborenen met een verhoogd risico op BPD, namelijk prematuren met een AD <32 weken die nog niet de gecorrigeerde leeftijd van 36 weken hebben bereikt, maar wel pulmonale morbiditeit hebben. Dit uit zich in: beademingsbehoefte en/of CPAP-behoefte en/of extra O2-behoefte en/of hypercapnie en/of tachydyspneu. De doelgroep omvat eveneens zuigelingen met een vastgestelde BPD.
Samenstelling werkgroep
Kernwerkgroep
- Mw. drs. M. van de Loo, kinderarts-neonatoloog, Emma Kinderziekenhuis Amsterdam UMC, NVK, projectleider
- Dhr. prof. dr. A.H.L.C. van Kaam, kinderarts-neonatoloog, Emma Kinderziekenhuis Amsterdam UMC, NVK, voorzitter
- Dhr. dr. W. Onland, kinderarts-neonatoloog, Emma Kinderziekenhuis Amsterdam UMC, sectie neonatologie, NVK
Werkgroep
- Mw. M. Barnhoorn, projectleider, Longfonds
- Mw. dr. A.C.M. Dassel, kinderarts-neonatoloog, Deventer Ziekenhuizen, sectie neonatologie, NVK
- Mw. G. Hoekman, ouder, Longfonds
- Dhr. dr. M.J.K. de Kleine, kinderarts-neonatoloog n.p., Care4Neo (voorheen VOC)
- Dhr. dr. B.W.W. Kramer, kinderarts-neonatoloog, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum sectie neonatologie, NVK
- Dhr. dr. A. Kroon, kinderarts-neonatoloog, Erasmus MC – Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, sectie neonatologie, NVK
- Mw. P.W. Mansvelt, verpleegkundig specialist, Radboudumc afdeling neonatologie, V&VN
- Dhr. drs. P.R. Matthijsse, kinderarts-neonatoloog, Radboudumc, sectie neonatologie, NVK
- Mw. dr. M. Pijnenburg, kinderarts-pulmonoloog, Erasmus MC en Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, sectie kinderlongziekten, NVK
- Mw. drs. A.J. Sprij, kinderarts-neonatoloog, Hagaziekenhuis en locatie Juliana Kinderziekenhuis, sectie neonatologie, NVK
- Mw. dr. R.N.G.B. Tan, kinderarts-neonatoloog, Willem-Alexander KJC en LUMC, sectie neonatologie, NVK
- Mw. dr. J.L.E. Vrijlandt, kinderarts-pulmonoloog, Beatrix Kinderziekenhuis UMCG, sectie kinderlongziekten, NVK
Meelezer namens NVOG
- Mw. dr. C.J. Bax, gynaecoloog-perinatoloog, Amsterdam UMC, NVOG
Met dank voor hulp en/of advies
- Mw. Drs. E.J.S. Jansen, kinderarts-fellow neonatologie, Isala ziekenhuis Zwolle
- Mw. H. Ahmed, student geneeskunde, Universiteit van Amsterdam
- Dhr. prof. dr. R.M.F. Berger, kindercardioloog, Beatrix Kinderziekenhuis en UMCG
Belangenverklaringen
De werkgroepleden hebben een belangenverklaring ingevuld waarin zij hun banden met de farmaceutische industrie hebben aangegeven. De verklaringen liggen ter inzage bij de NVK.
Inbreng patiëntenperspectief
Het perspectief van patiënten/ouders wat betreft de zorg rondom BPD was in de eerste versie van de richtlijn gewaarborgd door een focusgroepbijeenkomst te hebben met ouders van patiënten met BPD. Daarnaast was in de werkgroep Care4Neo (voorheen de VOC) vertegenwoordigd. Voor de update van de richtlijn is de deelname van patiëntenvertegenwoordigers in de werkgroep verder uitgebreid. Naast een afgevaardigde van Care4Neo namen ook een ouder en een medewerker van het Longfonds deel aan de werkgroep. Er werd opnieuw een focusgroepbijeenkomst gehouden. Hier wordt meer in detail op ingegaan in de module 'Begeleiding ouders'.
Methode ontwikkeling
Evidence based
Implementatie
In de verschillende fasen van de ontwikkeling van het concept van de richtlijn is zoveel mogelijk rekening gehouden met de implementatie van de richtlijn en de daadwerkelijke uitvoerbaarheid van de aanbevelingen. De definitieve richtlijn is onder de verenigingen verspreid en via de website van de NVK en de Richtlijnendatabase elektronisch beschikbaar gesteld. Op wetenschappelijke bijeenkomsten van de betrokken wetenschappelijke verenigingen zijn de aanbevelingen van de richtlijn gepresenteerd. Verder zal er patiëntenvoorlichtingsmateriaal worden ontwikkeld ter ondersteuning van de richtlijn op de website thuisarts.nl.
Werkwijze
De ontwikkeling van de richtlijn BPD is gefinancierd door de SKMS. Gedurende de periode oktober 2011 tot september 2013 is aan de ontwikkeling van de eerste versie van de richtlijn gewerkt door leden van de (kern)werkgroep. Allereerst werd door de leden van de werkgroep een knelpuntenanalyse uitgevoerd om de huidige werkwijze ten aanzien van de diagnostiek en behandeling bij BPD in Nederland in kaart te brengen. Op basis van de resultaten van de knelpuntenanalyse werden met de werkgroep de uitgangsvragen opgesteld. Vervolgens werd per vraag een uitgebreid literatuuronderzoek uitgevoerd.
De update van de richtlijn werd gedurende de periode van mei 2018 tot mei 2020 geschreven. Omdat er een budget beschikbaar was voor de update van in totaal 13 uitgangsvragen, werd eerst door de werkgroep vastgesteld welke uitgangsvragen de hoogste prioriteit hadden voor de update. De werkgroep is er in geslaagd alle uitgangsvragen te updaten en twee nieuwe uitgangsvragen te ontwikkelen. Voor de update van de bestaande uitgangsvragen werd het literatuuronderzoek met de eerder gebruikte zoektermen herhaald om te zoeken naar studies die zijn verschenen na de ontwikkeling van de eerste versie van de richtlijn. Voor de nieuwe vragen werd een uitgebreid literatuuronderzoek gedaan.
Zoeken (inter)nationale richtlijnen
In eerste instantie werd gezocht naar evidence-based richtlijnen. Hierbij werd gebruik gemaakt van de volgende databases: National Guideline Clearinghouse, de GIN-database en Medline. Ook werd gezocht naar nationale medisch specialistische richtlijnen. De gevonden richtlijnen werden op kwaliteit beoordeeld door de kernwerkgroepleden met behulp van AGREE II (2013). De met AGREE vastgestelde domeinscores werden gebruikt als houvast voor de beoordeling van de richtlijn.
Zoeken artikelen
In de Cochrane database of systematic reviews, de DARE en het CCTR, beide eveneens van Cochrane, werd een algemene search uitgevoerd voor alle uitgangsvragen tegelijk. In Medline werd vervolgens een literatuursearch per uitgangsvraag of per set van uitgangsvragen uitgevoerd. Per uitgangsvraag werd beschreven welke zoektermen zijn gebruikt, welke zoekperiode en welke in- en exclusiecriteria werden aangehouden. Gedetailleerde informatie over de gebruikte zoektermen en de selectie van de artikelen is terug te vinden in de bijlage van de de richtlijn BPD.
Eerst werd gezocht naar de hoogste mate van bewijs: systematische reviews en gerandomiseerd en gecontroleerd onderzoek. Als dat niets opleverde werd verder gezocht naar observationele artikelen (prospectief en retrospectief cohortonderzoek en patiënt-controleonderzoek). Er werd niet gezocht naar onderzoek van een lager niveau van bewijs, zoals case studies en dierexperimenteel onderzoek. Alleen literatuur die voldoende valide en toepasbaar was, werd meegenomen in de richtlijn. Bij de resultaten is per uitgangsvraag de precieze PICO uitgeschreven en zijn specifieke aandachtspunten bij de methodiek toegelicht.
Beoordeling artikelen met GRADE
De methodologische kwaliteit van de geïncludeerde artikelen werd met de GRADE-methode beoordeeld om de kwaliteit van evidence transparant weer te geven. Aan het begin van het richtlijntraject werden uitkomstmaten gedefinieerd. Resultaten werden per uitkomstmaat samengevat, waarbij tevens de overall kwaliteit van de onderliggende bewijslast (evidence) werd aangegeven. Bij de beoordeling werd gebruik gemaakt van de software GRADE-pro. Met behulp van dit programma werd bij elke uitgangsvraag een tabel met bevindingen (summary of findings) en een tabel met de beoordeling van het bewijs (GRADE evidence profile) gemaakt. Deze tabellen zijn per uitgangsvraag te vinden in de Bijlagen bij de richtlijn BPD.
GRADE kent vier niveaus: high, moderate, low en very low. Per uitkomstmaat werd voor de kwaliteit van het bewijs met behulp van GRADE-pro een GRADE-niveau toegekend.
High ofwel hoog
Wanneer de kwaliteit van bewijs voor een uitkomst als high ofwel hoog geclassificeerd werd, wil dit zeggen dat het onwaarschijnlijk is dat toekomstig onderzoek de schatting van de uitkomst zal veranderen. Met andere woorden: er is veel vertrouwen in de juistheid van de schatting van de uitkomst.
Moderate ofwel matig
Wanneer de kwaliteit van bewijs voor een uitkomst als moderate ofwel matig geclassificeerd werd, wil dit zeggen dat het waarschijnlijk is dat toekomstig onderzoek effect heeft op het vertrouwen in de schatting van de uitkomst en zou de schatting van de uitkomst kunnen veranderen. Met andere woorden; er is matig vertrouwen in de juistheid van de schatting van de uitkomst.
Low ofwel laag
Wanneer de kwaliteit van bewijs voor een uitkomst als low ofwel laag geclassificeerd werd, wil dit zeggen dat het heel waarschijnlijk is dat toekomstig onderzoek effect heeft op het vertrouwen in de schatting van de uitkomst en zal deze schatting waarschijnlijk veranderen. Met andere woorden; er is beperkt vertrouwen in de juistheid van de schatting van de uitkomst.
Very low ofwel zeer laag
Een very low ofwel zeer lage classificatie wil zeggen dat er veel onzekerheid is over de juistheid van de uitkomst.
De onderzoeksopzet is een belangrijke factor binnen GRADE. Gerandomiseerde en gecontroleerde studies krijgen daarom in beginsel de kwalificatie hoog. Er zijn vijf factoren die kunnen zorgen voor een lagere kwalificatie:
- beperkingen in de onderzoeksopzet;
- inconsistentie: onverklaarde heterogeniteit van de resultaten;
- indirectheid: de populatie, interventie, controle en uitkomst (PICO) waarop de evidence gebaseerd is, wijken op een of meer punten af van de PICO die men wil onderzoeken. Ook het gebruik van surrogaatmarkers valt onder indirectheid;
- imprecisie: wijde betrouwbaarheidsintervallen rond een geschat effect duiden op onzekerheid in de grootte van het effect. Er is sprake van imprecisie bij een te kleine steekproef (lage statistische power), weinig gebeurtenissen (events) en een betrouwbaarheidsinterval dat wel statistisch significant is, maar zowel in het gebied van klinische relevantie als in het gebied van een verwaarloosbaar effect ligt;
- publicatiebias.
Observationele studies daarentegen krijgen in beginsel de kwalificatie laag. Er zijn drie factoren die kunnen zorgen voor een hogere kwalificatie:
- groot effect;
- aanwezigheid van dosisresponsrelatie;
- confounding die het werkelijke effect onderschat of een in werkelijkheid niet bestaand effect overschat.
Iedere beperkende of bevorderende factor kan leiden tot het verlagen of verhogen van de classificatie met een of twee niveaus. Indien de resultaten niet gepoold konden worden, werd volstaan met een globale inschatting van de kwaliteit van de onderliggende bewijslast. Voor een uitgebreidere beschrijving van GRADE verwijst de werkgroep naar https://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/ en het artikel van Guyatt (2008).
Bij de start van de ontwikkeling van de eerste versie van de richtlijn is er door de werkgroep voor gekozen om uitgangsvragen te beantwoorden die het gehele spectrum van BPD omvatten. Omdat dit meer uitgangsvragen opleverde dan door de epidemiologen die de richtlijn ondersteunden uitgewerkt konden worden, werden de vragen verdeeld over alle werkgroepleden. Voor een uniforme beoordeling door alle werkgroepleden van de kwaliteit van bewijs met behulp van GRADE-pro, werden de hieronder genoemde afspraken gemaakt.
Beoordelen van beperkingen in de onderzoeksopzet
Blindering interventie
Afgesproken werd altijd af te waarderen bij niet geblindeerd zijn van de interventie, ook als dit niet mogelijk was omwille van het soort interventie. Niet blinderen van de interventie kan in alle gevallen effect hebben op de resultaten van de studie. In iedere module werd in de paragraaf Van bewijs naar aanbeveling, indien nodig, meegenomen dat de kwaliteit van de evidence niet hoger kon vanwege de beperkingen opgelegd door het soort interventie en werd toegelicht waarom de werkgroep deze mening was toegedaan.
Blindering uitkomst
Indien de uitkomstmaat mortaliteit niet geblindeerd werd vastgesteld, werd hiervoor niet afgewaardeerd, omdat dit een harde uitkomstmaat is. Indien de uitkomstmaat BPD niet geblindeerd werd vastgesteld, werd wel afgewaardeerd.
Cumuleren beperkingen in de onderzoeksopzet (bias)
Indien er een tot twee beperkingen waren in de onderzoeksopzet, werd de kwaliteit van bewijs met één niveau afgewaardeerd. Indien er drie tot vier beperkingen waren in de onderzoeksopzet, werd de kwaliteit van bewijs met twee niveaus afgewaardeerd. Indien er onvoldoende informatie beschikbaar was in de studies om vast te stellen of er beperkingen waren in de onderzoeksopzet, werd de kwaliteit van bewijs afgewaardeerd, maar minder streng, dus niet alleen op basis van een onbekende factor van -1 naar -2 niveaus.
Beoordelen van imprecisie
Indien het aantal gebeurtenissen (events) <300 bedroeg, werd afgewaardeerd. Indien het 95% BI rondom het RR zowel geen effect als een klinisch relevant effect omvatte, werd eveneens afgewaardeerd. Het aantal gebeurtenissen boven de 300 is een kwaliteitscriterium dat in de neonatologie, met relatief kleine aantallen patiënten, in het merendeel van de studies niet gehaald wordt. Ook de door GRADE voorgestelde drempel van 25% voor een klinisch relevant effect werd als te hoog gezien. Omdat de beoordeling van imprecisie volgens deze criteria in de ogen van de werkgroep onevenredig bij kon dragen aan verlies van kwaliteit van de beschikbare studies, werd afgesproken slechts met één niveau af te waarderen voor imprecisie, ook als beide criteria niet voldaan waren.
Voor de update was geen epidemioloog beschikbaar in de werkgroep. Er werd gekozen om het herhalen van het literatuuronderzoek, het beoordelen van de kwaliteit van bewijs en het updaten van de richtlijntekst te laten uitvoeren door de leden van de kernwerkgroep. De overige werkgroepleden hebben aan de hand van de gevonden nieuwe literatuur bijgedragen aan het formuleren van de conclusies en de aanbevelingen. Voor het uitwerken van twee nieuwe uitgangsvragen werden de taken als volgt verdeeld: één vraag werd uitgewerkt door de patiëntenvertegenwoordigers in de werkgroep en één vraag werd uitgewerkt door de projectleider.
Van bewijs naar aanbevelingen
Tijdens voornamelijk telefonische vergaderingen van de werkgroep werd de evidence in de context van de dagelijkse praktijk besproken en werden de voor- en nadelen van de verschillende beleidsopties afgewogen. Voor het komen tot een aanbeveling zijn er naast het wetenschappelijk bewijs vaak andere factoren van belang, bijvoorbeeld: patiëntenvoorkeuren, beschikbaarheid van speciale technieken of expertise, organisatorische aspecten, maatschappelijke consequenties en veiligheid of kosten. Deze aspecten vallen onder de paragraaf Van bewijs naar aanbevelingen. De uiteindelijk geformuleerde aanbeveling is het resultaat van het beschikbare bewijs uit de literatuur in combinatie met deze aspecten.
De aanbevelingen zijn onder te verdelen in:
- De werkgroep beveelt een interventie aan. Dit betekent dat de werkgroep van mening is dat het beschikbare bewijs voldoende is om alleen of in combinatie met andere aspecten, zoals eerder benoemd, te concluderen dat deze interventie zeker genoeg een positief effect oplevert voor de patiënt om aanbeveling te rechtvaardigen.
- De werkgroep kan een interventie niet aanbevelen. Dit betekent dat de werkgroep van mening is dat er onvoldoende bewijs of overige aspecten zijn om zeker genoeg te zijn dat de interventie een positief effect oplevert voor de patiënt. Er is echter ook onvoldoende bewijs om de interventie af te raden.
- De werkgroep raadt de interventie af. Dit betekent dat er ofwel in de ogen van de werkgroep voldoende bewijs is dat de interventie niet het beoogde effect zal opleveren, ofwel dat het effect onvoldoende bewezen is en de (potentiële) nadelen/bijwerkingen van de interventie niet opwegen tegen de kans op effect.
Bij iedere aanbeveling wordt verder aangegeven of het een sterke of een zwakke aanbeveling is. De sterkte van de aanbeveling wordt bepaald door de kwaliteit van het bewijs, de balans tussen gewenste en ongewenste effecten, het patiëntenperspectief, professioneel perspectief, middelenbeslag, organisatie van zorg en maatschappelijk perspectief. Toelichting bij de bepaling van de sterkte van de aanbevelingen is terug te vinden in de bijlage van deze module (zie Bijlagen bij de richtlijn BPD).
De werkgroep wil, wellicht ten overvloede, benadrukken dat alle aanbevelingen betrekking hebben op het effect van de interventie op de reductie van het risico op of op de behandeling van BPD. Over toepassen van interventies beschreven in de richtlijn voor andere indicaties dan BPD laat de werkgroep zich niet uit. Het is aan de behandelend arts om daarover te beslissen.