GRADE Table

	Certainty assessment							№ of patients		Effect		Certainty
Outcome	№ of studies	Study design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other considerations	Oral ENS	No nutritional support	Relative (95% CI)	Absolute (95% CI)
Primary outcome
SSI	13	RCTs	Not serious	Not serious (I² = 0%)	Not serious	Not serious	Publication bias	94 / 678 (13.9%)	144 / 670 (21.5%)	RR 0·65 (0.50 – 0.85)	75 fewer per 1.000 (from 107 fewer to 32 fewer)	⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate
Mortality	8	RCTs	Not serious	Not serious (I² = 0%)	Not serious	Not serious	None	4 / 471 (0.8%)	6 / 465 (1.3%)	RR 0.76 (0.24 – 2.42)
Pneumonia	12	RCTs	Not serious	Not serious (I² = 0%)	Not serious	Not serious	None	51 / 636 (8.0%)	70 / 628 (11.1%)	RR 0.76 (0.54 – 1.06)
UTI	9	RCTs	Not serious	Not serious (I² = 0%)	Not serious	Not serious	None	38 / 425 (8.9%)	27 / 427 (6.3%)	RR 1.33 (0.82 – 2.15)