CT angiography for open limb fractures
Question
When should CT angiography be carried out on the emergency department?
Recommendation
If peripheral pulsations are intact, then only carry out CT angiography on indication (clinical suspicion or preoperative work-up).
If the leg is acutely threatened surgical exploration and shunting be should carried out in order to keep acute ischaemic time to a minimum. The site of the vascular damage can be accurately determined using conventional radiological diagnostics and the level of the area of trauma.
Considerations
There was little evidence available on the assessment of vascular status in the literature, and it was of a very low level. For this reason, the working party used other types of literature such as guidelines and textbooks. From this, the following consensus was arrived at.
Unlike chronic obstructive peripheral vascular disease, traumatic injury usually leads to an acutely threatened extremity. The aim is to restore the circulation within three to four hours of the trauma in order to limit irreversible damage to nerves and muscle tissue. An ischaemic time of six hours or longer is associated with a poor prognosis (Lange 1989). Where circulation is only restored after eight hours or longer, the incidence of amputation is over 50% (Howard, 1990).
Simple examination of capillary refill as described in the ABCDE methodology can be misleading. When compression is removed, pooling of blood in the affected extremity can manifest itself as refilling of the blood vessels. For this reason, palpation of the posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis is advised and if this is difficult due to swelling, a Doppler apparatus can be used.
If a leg is threatened due to vascular trauma, additional investigation by CT angiography is a waste of valuable time. The level of vascular damage can be traced by the mechanism of trauma and the injuries found. In these cases, vascular disturbances are not always caused by intimal tear, thrombus, spasm or compartment syndrome or by a traumatic transsection. Faris et al. investigated 122 arterial injuries of the lower limb and found that two of them had an intimal tear and spasm. All patients in this series had to be treated with a venous bypass. For this reason, direct surgical exploration of the site of suspected vascular damage is recommended. Reperfusion can then be achieved by the placement of temporary vascular shunts (e.g. carotid shunts), after which the reconstruction potential can be assessed and temporary stabilisation obtained by means of an external fixator.
If on physical examination intact peripheral pulsations are found, further angiographic investigations may be carried out if indicated by a high degree of clinical suspicion (traumatic knee dislocation or femoral shaft fracture with butterfly fragment), or in the setting of a preoperative work-up for a free flap.
Evidence
Background
In a grade III open fracture of the lower limb, the arterial vascular system is sometimes damaged by trauma. This damage does not usually lead to impairment of the perfusion of the lower leg or to critical ischaemia of the affected extremity. However, it is possible that an extremity in which initially palpable pulsations over all three lower leg vessels could be felt, later becomes ischaemic. This could result from intimal arterial damage and subsequent thrombosing of the affected blood vessel or intimal flap. This variable vascular clinical picture gives rise to the following questions: a) in which situations is physical examination sufficient to assess vascular status? and b) when should CT angiography be additionally carried out?
Literature summary
Description of studies
One study containing a total of 40 patients was included (Lutz, 1998). This was a prospective cohort study that examined the necessity of routine angiography (not CT-A) in patients with a traumatically vascularly compromised limb. The intervention group (n=34) underwent preoperative bilateral angiography of the lower limbs and the control group (n=6) did not undergo preoperative angiography. This is not a randomised study; the control group was determined by the lack of the necessary facilities to carry out angiography.
Results
The methods section of the study included did not describe predetermined outcome measures. They reported that the intraoperative findings corresponded with the preoperative observations from the angiographies. The patients in the control group were reported to have undergone a successful end-to-end anastomosis. The article did not specify any quantitative data. The study concludes that preoperative angiography carried out prior to a free-flap transplantation does not contribute any relevant information.
Strength of evidence of the literature
GRADE was not applied to Lutz’s study, as it did not define or report any outcome measures (perioperative complications).
Search and select
In order to answer these clinical questions a systematic literature analysis was carried out on the following research question:
What effect does the preoperative inventory of neurovascular status have on the results of treatment?
P: Patients with a grade III open fracture of the lower limb
I: Preoperative inventory of vascular status by means of CT angiogram
C: No additional preoperative inventory/inventory in operating theatre
O: Vascular complications, ischaemia, amputations
Relevant outcome measures
The working party did not define the outcome measures in advance, but adopted the definitions used in the studies. The working party defined 5% as being a clinically relevant difference.
Method of searching and selection
On 28 October 2015, the databases Medline (OVID) and Embase were searched for systematic reviews and randomised controlled studies using relevant search terms. The search strategy is shown under the tab Justification. The literature search gave 149 hits. Studies were selected on the grounds of the following selection criteria: the study population comprised patients with a grade III open fracture of the lower limb whereby the neurovascular status was inventoried preoperatively by CT angiogram. Four studies were initially selected on the basis of title and abstract. After reading the complete text, three studies were excluded (see exclusion table) and one study was definitively selected.
(Results)
One observational study on neurovascular status was included in the literature analysis (Lutz 1998). The evidence tables of this study and assessment of individual study quality can be found under the tab Evidence.
References
- Faris IB, Raptis S, Fitridge R. Arterial injury in the lower limb from blunt trauma. Aust N Z J Surg. 1997;67(1):25-30.
- Howard PW, Makin GS. Lower limb fractures with associated vascular injury. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72(1):116-20.
- Lange RH. Limb reconstruction versus amputation decision making in massive lower extremity trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(243):92-9.
- Lee J. Efficacy of cultures in the management of open fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;(339):71-5.
- Lutz BS, Ng SH, Cabailo R, et al. Value of routine angiography before traumatic lower-limb reconstruction with microvascular free tissue transplantation. J Trauma. 1998;44(4):682-6.
- Valenziano CP, Chattar-Cora D, et al. Efficacy of primary wound cultures in long bone open extremity fractures: are they of any value? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2002;122(5):259-61.
Evidence tables
Study reference |
Study characteristics |
Patient characteristics 2 |
Intervention (I) |
Comparison / control (C) 3
|
Follow-up |
Outcome measures and effect size 4 |
Comments |
Lutz, 1998 |
Type of study: Prospective cohort
Setting: trauma patients
Country: Taiwan
Source of funding: unknown |
Inclusion criteria: - Bone defects after Gustilo type II b open fractures or osteomyelitis
Exclusion criteria: - Emergency angiography
N total at baseline: Intervention: 34 Control: 6
Important prognostic factors2: age ± SD: I: 40.2 C: 38.0
Sex: I: 74% M C: 83% M
Groups comparable at baseline? No, patients were not randomized |
Describe intervention (treatment/procedure/test):
underwent preoperative bilateral lower-limb angiography, the results of which were not read by the senior author before surgery.
|
Describe control (treatment/procedure/test):
underwent no preoperative angiography because facilities were not available.
|
Length of follow-up: unknown
Loss-to-follow-up: Not reported
Incomplete outcome data: Not applicable
|
Preoperative angiography of the injured lower limbs did not provide relevant additional information. End-to-end anastomosis successful performed in control group.
No quantitative data reported. |
Control group based on unavailability of needed facilities for angiography: no randomization performed. |
Risk of bias table for intervention studies (randomized controlled trials)
Study reference
(first author, publication year) |
Describe method of randomisation1 |
Bias due to inadequate concealment of allocation?2
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Bias due to inadequate blinding of participants to treatment allocation?3
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Bias due to inadequate blinding of care providers to treatment allocation?3
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Bias due to inadequate blinding of outcome assessors to treatment allocation?3
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Bias due to selective outcome reporting on basis of the results?4
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Bias due to loss to follow-up?5
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Bias due to violation of intention to treat analysis?6
(unlikely/likely/unclear) |
Lutz, 1998 |
No randomization |
Likely (no randomization) |
Likely (not possible, angiography cannot be blinded) |
Unclear (results of angiographic were not read by surgeon before surgery, but unknown if surgeon knew if angiographic was made) |
Likely |
Likely (no outcome measures predefined) |
Unlikely (no loss to follow up) |
Likely (no randomization performed) |
Table of exclusion after reading complete article
Author and year |
Reasons for exclusion |
Le Bus, 2008 |
Only seven patients with a grade II or III open fracture, for whom the results have not been separately defined. |
Further evidence tables are dependent on type of clinical question.
Methods
Authorization date and validity
Last review : 01-01-2017
Last authorization : 01-01-2017
Planned reassessment : 01-01-2020
The executive board of the NVvH will assess these guidelines no later than 2020 to determine if they are still valid. If necessary, a new working party will be set up to review the guidelines. If there are new developments, the validity of the guidelines will expire earlier and a review will take place. The working party does not deem it necessary to separately specify validity at a modular level.
As owners of these guidelines, the primary responsibility to keep them up-to-date rests with the NVvH. Other participating professional bodies or users of the guidelines share the responsibility and are required to inform the NVvH about relevant developments in their fields.
General details
The development of these guidelines was financed by the Quality Foundation of the Dutch Medical Specialists (SKMS).
Scope and target group
What is the aim (desired effect) of the guidelines?
The recognition and acknowledgement of the complexity of a fracture of the lower limb with significant soft tissue injury is of the greatest of importance in developing an appropriate multidisciplinary treatment strategy. The specialisations involved must be very aware of their own abilities and limitations, and on the basis of these must work in partnership right from when the patient is first presented. Standardisation of therapeutic options by means of a treatment algorithm is necessary. The development of multidisciplinary, evidence-based guidelines contributes to this.
Currently, the treatment of an open lower limb fracture is not managed by a scientifically supported and multidisciplinary policy, but more likely by the local traditions of the hospital at which the patient presents. This often causes confusion about the most appropriate method of primary fixation, the timing and the extent of aggressiveness of the debridement and the planning for definitive coverage of the soft tissues.
In the Netherlands, there is currently no standardised treatment for patients with an open fracture of the lower limb. There are British guidelines on this injury (BAPRAS/BOA, 2009), but these are not always applicable to the Dutch situation for a number of reasons, including the differing ways in which care is organised. National, evidence-based guidelines are of considerable importance in supporting health care professionals in their clinical decision-making and in providing transparency to patients and third parties. It covers topics in several areas including the early and late treatment of open fractures of the lower limb, the timing and kind of surgical debridement, bone stabilisation, soft tissue cover and rehabilitation. The ultimate goal is to create a primary multidisciplinary treatment pathway whereby patients with complex open fractures of the lower limb can be treated quickly and to a high standard.
Defining the guidelines
The guidelines are aimed at all patients with an open fracture of the lower limb, and in particular at those patients with a grade III (a, b or c) open injury in accordance with the classification of Gustilo and Anderson. The principles of treatment described in these guidelines are also applicable to open fractures in other parts of the skeleton, such as the ankle.
Envisaged users of the guidelines
These guidelines have been written for all members of those professional groups who are involved in the medical care of adults or children with an open fracture of the lower limb: emergency department physicians, trauma surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, plastic surgeons, rehabilitation physicians, physiotherapists, nurses and wound consultants.
Samenstelling werkgroep
In 2014, a multidisciplinary working party was set up to develop these guidelines. It comprised representatives from all those relevant specialisations involved in the care of patients with a grade III open fracture of the lower limb (see below).
The members of the working party were mandated for participation by their professional organisation. The working party worked for two years to develop these guidelines.
The working party is responsible for the integral text of these guidelines.
- Dr M.J. Elzinga, trauma surgeon (NVvH), Haga Hospital, The Hague (Chair)
- Dr J.M. Hoogendoorn, trauma surgeon (NVvH), Medical Centre Haaglanden-Bronovo, The Hague, The Netherlands.
- Dr P. van der Zwaal, orthopaedic surgeon (NOV), Medical Centre Haaglanden-Bronovo, The Hague, The Netherlands.
- Dr D.J. Hofstee, orthopaedic surgeon (NOV), Noordwest Hospital Group, The Netherlands
- J.G. Klijnsma, physiotherapist (KNGF), University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dr P. Plantinga, emergency department physician (NVSHA), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
- Dr H.R. Holtslag, rehabilitation physician (VRA), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Dr E.T. Walbeehm, plastic surgeon (NVPC), Radboud Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Dr H.A. Rakhorst, plastic surgeon (NVPC), Medisch Spectrum, Twente, The Netherlands.
With the help of:
- Dr W.A. van Enst, senior advisor, Knowledge Institute of Medical Specialists
With thanks to:
- Dr C.W. Ang, medical microbiologist, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
Declaration of interest
The members of the working party have declared in writing if, in the last five years, they have held a financially supported position with commercial businesses, organisations or institutions that may have a connection with the subject of the guidelines. Enquiries have also been made into personal financial interests, interests pertaining to personal relationships, interests pertaining to reputation management, interests pertaining to externally financed research, and interests pertaining to valorisation of knowledge. These Declarations of Interest can be requested from the secretariat of the Knowledge Institute of Medical Specialists. See below for an overview.
Name of member of working party |
Interests: Yes/No |
Remarks |
M.J. Elzinga |
No |
|
Dr J.M. Hoogendoorn |
No |
|
Dr P. van der Zwaal |
Yes |
Member of an Orthopaedic & Traumatology partnership financially supported by Biomet in the interests of scientific research |
Dr D.J. Hofstee |
No |
|
Mr J.G. Klijnsma |
No |
|
P. Plantinga |
No |
|
Dr H.R. Holtslag |
No |
|
Dr E.T. Walbeehm |
No |
|
Dr H.A. Rakhorst |
No |
|
Patient involvement
The perspective of the patient was included by organising a focus group. This report can be found in the appendices. The concept guidelines was presented to the Patient Federation NPCF for their comments.
Method of development
Implementation
Introduction
This plan has been drawn up with the aim of advancing the implementation of these guidelines. In order to compile this plan, an inventory of factors that could either facilitate or hinder the recommendations was carried out. The guideline working group has made recommendations concerning the timeline for implementation, the preconditions necessary for this and the actions that should be taken by various parties.
Methodology
In order to arrive at this plan, the working party has applied the following to each recommendation in the guidelines:
- the time point by which the recommendations should have been nationally implemented;
- the expected impact of implementation of the recommendation on healthcare costs; preconditions necessary to be able to implement the recommendation; possible barriers to the implementation of the recommendation; possible actions to advance the implementation of the recommendation; the party responsible for the actions to be undertaken.
Readers of this implementation plan should take the differences between ‘strong’ recommedations and ‘weak’ recommendations into account. In the former case, the guideline committee clearly states what should or should not be done. In the latter case, the recommendation is less strong and the working party expresses a preference but leaves more room for alternatives. One reason for this could be that there is insufficient research evidence to support the recommendation. A weak recommendation can be recognised by its formulation and may begin with something like ‘Consider the…’. The working party has considered the implementation of both weak and strong recommendations. A time frame for implementation is only indicated for strong recommendations.
Time frames for implementation
Strong recommendations should be followed as strictly as possible. In most cases, this will mean that the recommedations should be implemented within one year of the publication of the guidelines.
However, some recommedations will not be directly implemented everywhere. This could be due to a lack of facilities, expertise or correct organisational structure. In some cases, account should be taken of the learning curve. In addition, the unavailability of staff or facilities or lack of agreement between professionals may hinder the implementation in the short term.
It is for these reasons that the following recommendations are based on estimates made by the guideline working group, and an implementation period of between one and three years should be allowed for:
Recommendation |
Remarks |
At the scene, treat patients with an open fracture of the lower limb in accordance with the Netherlands National Protocol of Ambulance Care (LPA) and Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) principles.
|
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Take photographs of the injuries so the temporary dressing does not continually need to be disturbed (important for the privacy of the patient). |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Assess the wound, vascular status and nerve injury and classify the injury in accordance with the Gustilo and Andersen classification. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Assess and describe the degree of contamination and the extent of the soft tissue injuries. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Repeat neurovascular status assessment paying special attention to the development of compartment syndrome and acute vascular threat to the leg. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Avoid taking wound cultures in the ED. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Take plain radiographs in two directions (AP and lateral) including the proximal and distal joints. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
If peripheral pulsations are intact, then only carry out CT angiography on indication (clinical suspicion or preoperative work-up). |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
If the leg is acutely threatened surgical exploration and shunting be should carried out in order to keep acute ischaemic time to a minimum. The site of the vascular damage can be accurately determined using conventional radiological diagnostics and the level of the area of trauma. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
In ED remove those contaminants that are easy to remove, and leave perforating objects (e.g. cables or slivers of metal or glass) in situ. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Wound irrigation should emphatically not take place in the ED. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Cover wounds with sterile gauze soaked in a saline solution. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Align dislocated fractures and apply a splint. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Intravenous antibiotics and a tetanus vaccination should be administered as early as possible in accordance with regional protocol. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Pain relief should be started as quickly as possible and in accordance with local protocol or guidelines on trauma patients in the emergency care pathway. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Debridement should be carried out systematically, working from skin to bone. If necessary, the wound should be lengthened along perforator-sparing fasciotomy lines in order to obtain a good overview of the affected area. Any further operations should be taken into consideration at this time and this should be discussed by the multidisciplinary team. |
Staff training, specifically aimed at the treatment of open fractures of the lower limb |
Irrigate under low pressure using plenty of saline solution. |
Staff training, specifically aimed at the treatment of open fractures of the lower limb |
Negative pressure therapy is the treatment of preference as a temporary wound cover as it helps to prevent infections and aids patient comfort. |
Staff training, specifically aimed at the treatment of open fractures of the lower limb |
If negative pressure therapy is not technically possible, the second choice is saline-soaked gauze dressings which have then been wrung out. |
Staff training, specifically aimed at the treatment of open fractures of the lower limb |
The application of a temporary wound cover should not deter the early and definitive covering of soft tissues. |
Dependent on the availability of enough adequately trained staff or on care arrangements with other hospitals. |
Aim to achieve primary internal fixation with nail or plate if good soft tissue cover is possible and the leg can be reasonably expected to bear weight.
|
Staff training, specifically aimed at the treatment of open fractures of the lower limb |
The working party neither recommends nor discourages primary bone grafting in open fractures. |
- |
As little research has been done in the area of primary bone grafting, for the time being this technique should be used in a study setting. |
Registration and permission from ethics committee to collect and study patient data should be organised. |
Definitive reconstruction of the soft tissues in open fracture of the lower limb should take place as quickly as possible, within a maximum of one week, if the condition of the patient permits this. |
Dependent on the availability of enough adequately trained staff or on care arrangements with other hospitals. Staff training, specifically aimed at the treatment of open fractures of the lower limb |
Keep as much length and tissue as possible and, where feasible, repair soft tissue injury with skin grafts. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation Supplemented by further training |
Involve a rehabilitation physician as quickly as possible following the accident; preferably preoperatively to advise the patient. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
If a transtibial amputation is not possible, carry out disarticulation of the knee in preference to transfemoral amputation. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
When treating grade III open fractures, an antibiotic such as cefazolin which protects against Staphylococcus aureus should be given. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
In grade III open fractures, antibiotics should be given until the soft tissues have been closed, preferably a maximum of 72 hours. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Consult a microbiologist on antibiotic therapy in the event of exceptional contaminants (marine, animal housing or sewerage). In grade III fractures consider adding an extra drug (e.g. an aminoglycoside such as tbramycin, gentamycin or ciprofloxacin), or using a third-generation cephalosporin (a potential disadvantage of these drugs being they are less effective against S aureus). |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Consult a microbiologist on antibiotic therapy in the event of exceptional contaminants (marine, animal housing or sewerage). |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Start exercise therapy as quickly as possible postoperatively. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Exercise therapy should be primarily aimed at disorders of function as specified in the ICF model (function of leg musculature, ROM of knee and ankle), and secondarily at activities (standing and walking). |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
In consultation with patient and surgeon set treatment targets for exercise therapy while taking the weight-bearing capacity of bone and soft tissues into consideration. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Over time, adapt these exercise therapy targets to the biological and mechanical possibilities and limitations of the wound, bone and soft tissues, the surgical procedure and potential complications. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Should quantification of physical functioning be called for, six-weekly WOMAC and SF-36 are recommended. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Return to work and quality of life are determined by personal and environmental factors. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
If necessary, take measures to prevent talipes equinus. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Nominate a primary treating physician. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Make local or regional arrangements regarding the organisation of care for patients with a grade III open fracture of the lower limb and register this in a protocol. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
Arrange to discuss the definitive treatment plan with the patient and family or close friends. Point out the possible treatment options, the risks associated with these options, and the expected results. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
The meeting should be led by, or be held in the presence of, the primary treating physician. |
Taking note of the guidelines is sufficient for implementation |
The following recommendations are based on estimates made by the guideline committee, and an implementation period of between three to five years should be allowed for:
Recommendation |
Remarks |
The initial debridement should be done as quickly as possible, certainly within twelve hours of the initial trauma. It should be carried out by an experienced, trained and well-equipped multidisciplinary team. |
Hospitals should have enough staff available to be able to provide a multidisciplinary team, or they should have arrangements with other institutions who are able to provide care from a multidisciplinary team. |
The decision to continue temporary wound dressings for longer than one week is one that should be made by the primary multidisciplinary team. |
Hospitals should have enough staff available to be able to provide a multidisciplinary team, or they should have arrangements with other institutions who are able to provide care from a multidisciplinary team. |
Form a multidisciplinary team comprising a minimum of trauma surgeon/orthopaedic surgeon, a plastic surgeon and a rehabilitation physician. |
Hospitals should have enough staff available to be able to provide a multidisciplinary team, or they should have arrangements with other institutions who are able to provide care from a multidisciplinary team. |
The multidisciplinary team should see the patient preoperatively (rehabilitation physician if indicated) and together draw up a treatment plan. |
Hospitals should have enough staff available to be able to provide a multidisciplinary team, or they should have arrangements with other institutions who are able to provide care from a multidisciplinary team. |
Impact on healthcare costs
Many of these recommendations will have few or no consequences for the cost of healthcare. However, the deployment of a multidisciplinary team will possibly increase direct costs. Conversely, if the guidelines are adhered to the number of infections and reoperations will be reduced thus reducing costs. The savings are larger than the cost of the multidisciplinary team. Other recommendations do not affect costs, or may even save them.
Actions to be undertaken by each party
Below is a list of actions that in the opinion of the guideline working group should be undertaken to facilitate the implementation of the guidelines.
All academic and professional organisations that are directly involved (NVvH, NVPC, NOV, VRA, KNGF).
- Tell members about the guidelines. Publicise the guidelines by writing about them in journals and disseminating news of them at congresses.
- Provide professional education and training to ensure that the expertise required to follow the guidelines is available.
- Where relevant and possible, develop resources, instruments and/or digital tools to facilitate the implementation of the guidelines.
- Monitor the way in which the recommendations are put into practice by means of audits and quality inspections.
- Include indicators developed for these guidelines in quality registrations and indicator sets.
- Make interprofessional agreements about implementing continuous modular maintenance of the guidelines.
Initiatives to be undertaken by the professional organisation NVvH
- Hospital management boards and other system stakeholders (where applicable), should be kept informed of recommedations that could have an effect on the organisation of care and on costs, and on what may be expected by the party concerned.
- Publicise the guidelines to other interested academic and professional bodies.
Local professional groups / individual medical professionals
- Discuss the recommendations at meetings of professional groups and local working parties.
- Tailor local protocols to fit the recommendations from the guidelines.
- Follow the continuing professional education on these guidelines (yet to be developed).
- Modify local information for patients using the materials that the professional bodies will make available.
- Make agreements with other disciplines involved to ensure the implementation of the recommedations in practice.
- Register pre- and postoperative factors and, as far as is possible, include important considerations for decision-making in existing protocols and the electronic dossier.
The system stakeholders (including health insurers, NZA, hospital managers and their associations, IGZ)
In relation to the financing of care for patients with open fracture of the lower limb, it is expected that hospital management boards will be prepared to make the investments necessary to enable the implementation of these guidelines (see impact on healthcare costs above). In addition, hospital managers are expected to monitor those medical professionals concerned and ascertain how familiar they are with the new guidelines and how they are putting them into practice.
Health insurers are expected to reimburse the costs of the care that is prescribed in these guidelines. When the time frames for implementation have elapsed, health insurers can use the strong recommendations in these guidelines for purposes of purchasing care.
Researchers and subsidy providers
Initiate research into the knowledge gaps, preferably in a European setting.
Knowledge Institute of Medical Specialists
Publicise these guidelines among the staff and contect to development of related guidelines, e.g. on ankle fractures and post-osteosynthesis infection.
Add guidelines to guideline database. Incorporate this implementation plan in a place where all parties will be able to find it.
Methods and proces
AGREE II
These guidelines were developed in accordance with the publication Medical Specialists Guidelines 2.0 report from the advisory committee on Guidelines from the Committee on Quality. This report is based on the AGREE II instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II) (http://www.agreetrust.org/agree-ii/). This is a widely-accepted internationally used instrument and is based on ‘Guideline to guideline for the assessment of quality of guidelines (http://www.zorginstituutnederland.nl/).
Inventory of problem areas
During the preparation stage, the Chair of the Working Party and the Advisor made an inventory of problem areas. The Dutch health insurance companies were invited to contribute their problem areas to the guidelines.
Clinical questions and outcome measures
Based on the outcomes of the problem area analysis, the Chair and the Advisor compiled concept clinical questions. These were discussed with the working party, after which time the working party approved the definitive clinical questions. The working party then decided which outcome measures of each of the clinical questions are relevant to the patient, and both desirable and undesirable effects were examined. The working party then rated these outcome measures and categorised their relative importance as crucial, important or unimportant. In as far as was possible, the working party also defined what they found to be clinically relevant difference in the outcome measures, i.e. if the improvement in outcome was an improvement for the patient.
Strategy for searching and selecting the literature
For purposes of orientation, we looked for existing guidelines from outside the Netherlands (Guidelines International Network, Trip and National guideline clearing house (USA) European and American professional organisations), and systematic reviews (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews). Then, using specific search terms from the individual clinical questions, the working party searched for published studies in various electronic databases. Studies from the reference lists of the selected articles were also included in the search. Initially, studies with the highest level of evidence were searched for. The members of working party then went through the articles found in the search and selected articles based on predetermined selection criteria. The selected articles were used to answer the clinical questions. The databases searched, the search action or key words of the search action and the selection criteria used are defined in the search strategy of the clinical question concerned.
Quality evaluation of individual studies
In order to estimate the risk of bias in the study results, individual studies were systematically evaluated on the basis of previously determined methodological quality criteria. These evaluations can be found in the methodological checklists.
Summary of the literature
The relevant data from all studies included are shown in evidence tables. The most important findings from the literature were described in the summary of the literature. In the event of enough agreement between studies, the data were summarised quantitatively in a meta-analysis. This was done with Review Manager software from the Cochrane Collaboration.
Evaluation of the strength of scientific evidence
A) Intervention and diagnostic questions
Evaluation of the strength of scientific evidence was determined in accordance with the GRADE method. GRADE stands for ‘Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation’ (see http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/) (Atkins, 2004).
GRADE distinguishes four grades of quality of evidence, i.e. high, moderate, low and very low. These grades indicate the degree of confidence in the conclusions in the literature (see http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/).
GRADE |
Definition |
High |
|
Moderate |
|
Low |
|
Very low |
|
B) Questions concerning aetiology and prognosis
GRADE cannot be applied in this type of question. The strength of evidence of the conclusion is determined in accordance with the EBRO method (van Everdingen, 2004).
Formulating the conclusions
Evidence concerning questions about the value of diagnostic tests, injury or side effects, aetiology and prognosis, has been summarised in one or more conclusions in which the level of the most relevant evidence is given.
In questions relating to intervention and diagnosis, the conclusion does not refer to one or more articles, but is drawn on the basis of the whole body of evidence. In this the members of the working party did an analysis for each intervention. In making these calculations, the beneficial and unfavourable effects for the patient were weighed off against one other.
Considerations
In order to produce a recommendation, aspects other than research evidence are also important. These include the expertise of the members of the working party, patient preferences, costs, availability of facilities and organisational matters. In as far as they are not part of the literature summary, these aspects are reported under the heading ‘Considerations’.
Development of recommendations
The recommendations answer the clinical question and are based on the best available scientific evidence and the most important considerations. The strength of the scientific evidence and the weight accorded the considerations by the working party together determine the strength of the recommendation. In accordance with the GRADE methodology, a low grade of evidence from a conclusion in the systematic literature analysis does not exclude a strong recommendation, and a high grade of evidence does not exclude a weaker recommendation. The strength of the recommendation is always determined by weighing up all relevant arguments together.
Preconditions (Organisation of care)
In the analysis of problem areas and the development of the guidelines, account was taken explicitly of the organisation of care: all those aspects that are preconditions for the provision of care. These include coordination, communication, materials, financial means, work force and infrastructure. Preconditions that are relevant to the answering of a specific clinical question are part of the considerations related to that specific question.
Development of indicators
At the same time as the concept guidelines were developed, internal quality indicators were also developed in order to be able to follow and to strengthen the application of a guideline in practice. More information about the method of developing indicators can be requested from the secretariat of the Knowledge Institute of Medical Specialists (secretariaat@kennisinstituut.nl).
Knowledge gaps
In the development of these guidelines, we systematically searched for research whose results contributed to answering one of the clinical questions. The working party examined each clinical question and they considered the desirability of further research. An overview of their recommendations for further research can be seen in Knowledge gaps (see related products).
Comment and authorisation stage
To follow (after comment stage)
Implementation
At each stage of the development of the guidelines, account was taken of the implementation of the guidelines and the feasibility of the recommendations in practice. In this, particular attention was paid to factors that may advance or hinder the implementation of the guidelines.
Search strategy
Searches are available upon request. Please contact the Richtlijnendatabase.